ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2021
Cell trafficking and regulation of osteoblastogenesis by extracellular vesicle associated bone morphogenetic protein 2.
Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Growth factor applications and clinical translation: advances and challenges.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Osteogenesis.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hydrogel-extracellular vesicle engineering delivery system: a promising therapeutic strategy for wound healing.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Exosome-enabled bone defect repair: mechanistic foundations, bioengineered delivery, and artificial intelligence-driven translation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Research Advances in Bionic Cell Membrane-Mediated Nanodrug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Periodontitis with Osteoporosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in musculoskeletal regeneration: mechanisms, applications, and future prospects.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- Optimizing mesenchymal stem cell therapy for tendon-bone healing: Multifaceted approaches and future directions.World journal of stem cells · 2025Review
- Advances in extracellular vesicle-based nanomedicine for regenerative orthopaedics.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Injectable HAMA-CPC hydrogels loaded with high-yield 3D bioprinted adipose-derived stem cell small extracellular vesicles for increased bone repair.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- Engineered BMP2/BMP7 extracellular vesicles induce autocrine BMP release driving SMAD phosphorylation to promote bone formation.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2025Article
- Therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived exosomes for bone tissue regeneration around prostheses.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2025Review
- Bioprinted Hydrogels as Vehicles for the Application of Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Medicine.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Synthetic Vesicle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Oral Disease Therapy: Current Applications and Future Directions.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Periodontitis: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Roles of exosomes in immune regulation of osteoarthritis and their applications in inflammation repair.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Synergistic potentials of small extracellular vesicles, biomaterials, and 3D bioprinting in periodontal regeneration: a scoping review.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Extracellular derivatives for bone metabolism.Journal of advanced research · 2024Review
- Spheroid-Exosome-Based Bioprinting Technology in Regenerative Medicine.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2024Review
- The Role of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Antagonist Noggin in Nucleus Pulposus Intervertebral Disc Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are characterized by complex cargo composition and carry a wide array of signalling cargo, including growth factors (GFs). Beyond surface-associated GFs, it is unclear if EV intralumenal growth factors are biologically active. Here, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), loaded directly into the lumen of EVs designated engineered BMP2-EVs (eBMP2-EVs), was comprehensively characterized including its regulation of osteoblastogenesis. eBMP2-EVs and non-EV 'free' BMP2 were observed to similarly regulate osteoblastogenesis. Furthermore, cell trafficking experiments suggest rapid BMP2 recycling and its extracellular release as 'free' BMP2 and natural occurring BMP2-EVs (nBMP2-EVs), with both being osteogenic. Interestingly, BMP2 occurs on the EV surface of nBMP2-EVs and is susceptible to proteolysis, inhibition by noggin and complete dissociation from nBMP2-EVs over 3 days. Whereas, within the eBMP2-EVs, BMP2 is protected from proteolysis, inhibition by noggin and is retained in EV lumen at 100% for the first 24 h and ∼80% after 10 days. Similar to 'free' BMP2, bioprinted eBMP2-EV microenvironments induced osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo in spatial registration to the printed patterns. Taken together, BMP2 signalling involves dynamic BMP2 cell trafficking in and out of the cell involving EVs, with distinct differences between these nBMP2-EVs and eBMP2-EVs attributable to the BMP2 cargo location with EVs. Lastly, eBMP2-EVs appear to deliver BMP2 directly into the cytoplasm, initiating BMP2 signalling within the cell, bypassing its cell surface receptors.
Indexed as
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.