ReviewJournal of hematology & oncology2021
Toll-like receptors and toll-like receptor-targeted immunotherapy against glioma.
Review in Journal of hematology & oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review on Tumor Microenvironment in Glial Neoplasm: From Understanding Pathogenesis to Future Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- TLR2 and TLR9 in Brain Cancer Patients in Relation to EBV Status.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Myrtenol modulates TWEAK/TLR4-NF-κB, miR-21, PTEN, and ERK-1 expressions and improves behavioral outcomes in a rat glioblastoma model.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Leveraging multimodal cancer immunotherapy to amplify the efficacy of oncolytic viruses.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Review
- Epstein-Barr Virus in Brain Cancer-Friend or Foe?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence-Driven Construction of Predictive and Druggable Frameworks to an In Silico Bioengineering Evidence Support for Therapy of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients: Insights from a Toll-like Receptor Signal with Th17 and T Helper Microenvironment.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Computational design and immunoinformatics validation of a T cell multi-epitope vaccine targeting glioblastoma stem cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effects of Stress Coping Styles and Social Defeat on Zebrafish Behaviour and Brain Transcriptomics.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- LILRB3 inhibition reverses immunosuppression in glioma: a nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- The effect of combination therapy on Bevacizumab, Carmustine, and Metformin chemotherapy drugs on the fluctuating performance expression of TLR2, TLR6, and IL-6 genes in the cell line of brain glioblastoma.Cancer cell international · 2025Article
- Targeting pattern recognition receptors for cancer therapy: Mechanisms and strategies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Innate Immune Signaling in Gliomas: Regulatory Mechanisms and Targeting Potential in Tumor Progression.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Constructing a Pan-Cancer Prognostic Model via Machine Learning Based on Immunogenic Cell Death Genes and Identifying NT5E as a Biomarker in Head and Neck Cancer.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms of Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Strategies.Cells · 2025Review
- Therapeutic potential of targeting macrophages and microglia in glioblastoma.Trends in pharmacological sciences · 2025Review
- Toll-Like Receptors in the Immunotherapy Era: Dual-Edged Swords of Tumor Immunity and Clinical Translation.MedComm · 2025Review
- Engineering strategies of sequential drug delivery systems for combination tumor immunotherapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- A comprehensive review of unlocking the potential of lignin-derived biomaterials: from lignin structure to biomedical application.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- DLX4 regulates rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes invasiveness and a cancer transcriptomic signature.Scientific reports · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioma represents a fast proliferating and highly invasive brain tumor which is resistant to current therapies and invariably recurs. Despite some advancements in anti-glioma therapies, patients' prognosis remains poor. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as the first line of defense in the immune system being the detectors of those associated with bacteria, viruses, and danger signals. In the glioma microenvironment, TLRs are expressed on both immune and tumor cells, playing dual roles eliciting antitumoral (innate and adaptive immunity) and protumoral (cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glioma stem cell maintenance) responses. Up to date, several TLR-targeting therapies have been developed aiming at glioma bulk and stem cells, infiltrating immune cells, the immune checkpoint axis, among others. While some TLR agonists exhibited survival benefit in clinical trials, it attracts more attention when they are involved in combinatorial treatment with radiation, chemotherapy, immune vaccination, and immune checkpoint inhibition in glioma treatment. TLR agonists can be used as immune modulators to enhance the efficacy of other treatment, to avoid dose accumulation, and what brings more interests is that they can potentiate immune checkpoint delayed resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by upregulating PD-1/PD-L1 overexpression, thus unleash powerful antitumor responses when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Herein, we focus on recent developments and clinical trials exploring TLR-based treatment to provide a picture of the relationship between TLR and glioma and their implications for immunotherapy.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.