Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34718418›Full record

ArticleBioinformatics (Oxford, England)2022

CpG Transformer for imputation of single-cell methylomes.

Gaetan De Waele, Jim Clauwaert, Gerben Menschaert, Willem Waegeman

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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  12. A review of transformer models in drug discovery and beyond.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Gaetan De WaeleDepartment of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-0367-9699
Jim ClauwaertDepartment of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-5876-1406
Gerben MenschaertDepartment of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
Willem WaegemanDepartment of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-5950-3003

Funding

Flemish Government under the 'Onderzoeksprogramma Artificiële Intelligentie (AI) Vlaanderen' ProgrammeGhent University BOFGOA2020000703
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

motivationThe adoption of current single-cell DNA methylation sequencing protocols is hindered by incomplete coverage, outlining the need for effective imputation techniques. The task of imputing single-cell (methylation) data requires models to build an understanding of underlying biological processes.

resultsWe adapt the transformer neural network architecture to operate on methylation matrices through combining axial attention with sliding window self-attention. The obtained CpG Transformer displays state-of-the-art performances on a wide range of scBS-seq and scRRBS-seq datasets. Furthermore, we demonstrate the interpretability of CpG Transformer and illustrate its rapid transfer learning properties, allowing practitioners to train models on new datasets with a limited computational and time budget. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: CpG Transformer is freely available at https://github.com/gdewael/cpg-transformer. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Indexed as

DNA MethylationEpigenomeBase SequenceNeural Networks, ComputerSequence Analysis, DNA

Identifiers

PMID34718418
PMCPMC8756163

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.