Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34720775›Full record

ReviewFungal diversity2021

The evolving species concepts used for yeasts: from phenotypes and genomes to speciation networks.

Teun Boekhout, M Catherine Aime, Dominik Begerow, Toni Gabaldón, Joseph Heitman, Martin Kemler, Kantarawee Khayhan, Marc-André Lachance, Edward J Louis, Sheng Sun and 2 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Fungal diversity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
38citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

38 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The yeasts associated with the fungus-growing termite, Macrotermes michaelseni, of Botswana: biodiversity and potential functional roles.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
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  7. An update on clinically relevant, rare, and emergingClinical microbiology reviews · 2025
    Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
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  11. Basidiomycete Yeasts of Wine Grapes and Their Potential Applications in Winemaking.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2025
    Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology · 2025
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Threats from theMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2024
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Teun BoekhoutWesterdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-0476-3609
M Catherine AimeDept Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8742-6685
Dominik BegerowEvolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-8286-1597
Toni GabaldónBarcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Jordi Girona, 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.ORCID 0000-0003-0019-1735
Joseph HeitmanDepartment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6369-5995
Martin KemlerEvolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0738-4233
Kantarawee KhayhanDepartment of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000 Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-9867-8324
Marc-André LachanceDepartment of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-9139-3935
Edward J LouisDepartment of Genetics and Genome Biology, Genetic Architecture of Complex Traits, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1157-3608
Sheng SunDepartment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2895-1153
Duong VuWesterdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-7960-2765
Andrey YurkovGerman Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Leibniz Institute DSMZ, Brunswick, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1072-5166

Funding

Structure, function, and evolution of the Cryptococcus MAT locusR01AI050113 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI HEITMAN, JOSEPH · 2002 to 2024
$8.5M
ROLE OF CALCINEURIN IN C. NEOFORMANS MATING AND FRUITINGR01AI039115 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI HEITMAN, JOSEPH · 1997 to 2025
$6.7M
Genetics of Cryptococcus sexual reproductionR37AI039115 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI HEITMAN, JOSEPH · 2011 to 2020
$4.9M
The Genetic Basis of Virulence in Cryptococcus NeoformansR01AI133654 · NIAID · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI JOSEPH HEITMAN, Paul Mitaari Magwene · 2017 to 2026
$4.7M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI039115NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI050113NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI133654NIAID NIH HHS R37 AI039115
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Here we review how evolving species concepts have been applied to understand yeast diversity. Initially, a phenotypic species concept was utilized taking into consideration morphological aspects of colonies and cells, and growth profiles. Later the biological species concept was added, which applied data from mating experiments. Biophysical measurements of DNA similarity between isolates were an early measure that became more broadly applied with the advent of sequencing technology, leading to a sequence-based species concept using comparisons of parts of the ribosomal DNA. At present phylogenetic species concepts that employ sequence data of rDNA and other genes are universally applied in fungal taxonomy, including yeasts, because various studies revealed a relatively good correlation between the biological species concept and sequence divergence. The application of genome information is becoming increasingly common, and we strongly recommend the use of complete, rather than draft genomes to improve our understanding of species and their genome and genetic dynamics. Complete genomes allow in-depth comparisons on the evolvability of genomes and, consequently, of the species to which they belong. Hybridization seems a relatively common phenomenon and has been observed in all major fungal lineages that contain yeasts. Note that hybrids may greatly differ in their post-hybridization development. Future in-depth studies, initially using some model species or complexes may shift the traditional species concept as isolated clusters of genetically compatible isolates to a cohesive speciation network in which such clusters are interconnected by genetic processes, such as hybridization.

Indexed as

Comparative genomicsFungiHybridsNomenclatureSpecies conceptsTaxonomy

Identifiers

PMID34720775
PMCPMC8550739

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.