ArticleInternational journal of preventive medicine2021
The Effects of Smoking on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Using Causal Methods in the Iranian Population.
Article in International journal of preventive medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protective effect of intensive glucose lowering therapy on all-cause mortality, adjusted for treatment switching using G-estimation method, the ACCORD trial.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Critical Appraisal of Causality Observational Studies: A Case-Study of the Effect of Tattoo on Malignant Lymphoma.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- The interplay of physical activity and smoking with metabolic syndrome and its components in the STEPS survey.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The interaction between diet quality and cigarette smoking on the incidence of hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, and all-cause mortality.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Comparison of outcomes between off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery using collaborative targeted maximum likelihood estimation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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- Metabolic syndrome and obesity among marginalised school-going adolescents in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2024Article
- The effect of smoking on latent hazard classes of metabolic syndrome using latent class causal analysis method in the Iranian population.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Longitudinal effects of lipid indices on incident cardiovascular diseases adjusting for time-varying confounding using marginal structural models: 25 years follow-up of two US cohort studies.Global epidemiology · 2022Article
- The effect of Vitamins C and E on clinical outcomes of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: A propensity score matching study.Surgical neurology international · 2022Article
- Article
- The causal effect and impact of reproductive factors on breast cancer using super learner and targeted maximum likelihood estimation: a case-control study in Fars Province, Iran.BMC public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe aim of this study was to estimate the effect of smoking on metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components applying inverse probability-of-treatment weighting (IPTW) and propensity score (PS) matching.
methodsUsing data from Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 4857 participants aged over 20 years with information on smoking and confounders in the third phase (2005-2008) were included, and the MS was assessed in the fifth phase (2011-2014). IPTW and PS matching were used to adjust for confounders.
resultsBased on average treatment effect (ATE) estimates, smoking decreased the risk of hypertension (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.88), but increased the risk of low HDL cholesterol (1.20; 0.98, 1.48). Similarly, the average treatment effect in the treated (ATT) estimates using IPTW and PS matching suggested that smoking decreased the risk of hypertension (0.63; 0.52, 0.76, and 0.68; 0.54, 0.85), and increased the risk of low HDL cholesterol (1.24; 1.07, 1.43, and 1.28; 1.06, 1.54), respectively.
conclusionsSmoking seems to increase the risk of low HDL cholesterol but decreases the risk of hypertension.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.