ArticleCancers2021
An Agent-Based Model of Combination Oncolytic Viral Therapy and Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Reveals the Importance of Spatial Location When Treating Glioblastoma.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Evasion in Prostate Cancer: Resolving the Cold Tumour Paradox via a Hybrid Discrete-Continuum Computational Framework.Biology · 2026Article
- The Role of Viral Dynamics and Infectivity in Models of Oncolytic Virotherapy for Tumours with Different Motility.Bulletin of mathematical biology · 2026Article
- Evolutionary Double-Bind Treatment Using Radiation Therapy and Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer.International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics · 2026Article
- Spatially structured models of viral dynamics: a scoping review.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Article
- Article
- Multicellular model of neuroblastoma proposes unconventional therapy based on multiple roles of p53.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Effects of virus-induced immunogenic cues on oncolytic virotherapy.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Virtual patient analysis identifies strategies to improve the performance of predictive biomarkers for PD-1 blockade.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Spatial computational modelling illuminates the role of the tumour microenvironment for treating glioblastoma with immunotherapies.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Article
- Examining B-cell dynamics and responsiveness in different inflammatory milieus using an agent-based model.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Biomarkers and computational models for predicting efficacy to tumor ICI immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Article
- Examining the efficacy of localised gemcitabine therapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer using a hybrid agent-based model.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- Multiscale modeling of drug resistance in glioblastoma with gene mutations and angiogenesis.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2023Article
- Modelling the spatial dynamics of oncolytic virotherapy in the presence of virus-resistant tumour cells.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- Article
- Simulations of tumor growth and response to immunotherapy by coupling a spatial agent-based model with a whole-patient quantitative systems pharmacology model.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- Targeting the tumor microenvironment in pediatric gliomas: Advances and future directions in immunotherapy.Neuro-oncology advancesReview
- The computational model lifecycle: Opportunities and challenges for computational medicine in the healthcare ecosystem.Science progressReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapies and immunotherapies are of growing clinical interest due to their selectivity for tumor cells over healthy cells and their immunostimulatory properties. These treatment modalities provide promising alternatives to the standard of care, particularly for cancers with poor prognoses, such as the lethal brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM). However, uncertainty remains regarding optimal dosing strategies, including how the spatial location of viral doses impacts therapeutic efficacy and tumor landscape characteristics that are most conducive to producing an effective immune response. We develop a three-dimensional agent-based model (ABM) of GBM undergoing treatment with a combination of an oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus and an anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. We use a mechanistic approach to model the interactions between distinct populations of immune cells, incorporating both innate and adaptive immune responses to oncolytic viral therapy and including a mechanism of adaptive immune suppression via the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint pathway. We utilize the spatially explicit nature of the ABM to determine optimal viral dosing in both the temporal and spatial contexts. After proposing an adaptive viral dosing strategy that chooses to dose sites at the location of highest tumor cell density, we find that, in most cases, this adaptive strategy produces a more effective treatment outcome than repeatedly dosing in the center of the tumor.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.