ArticlePituitary2022
Efficacy of temozolomide combined with capecitabine (CAPTEM) on refractory prolactinomas as assessed using an ex vivo 3D spheroid assay.
Article in Pituitary, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ex Vivo drug sensitivity in patient-derived 3D cultures in acromegaly and its association with clinical predictors.Pituitary · 2026Article
- Development and application of organoid technology in pituitary neuroendocrine tumor research.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Review
- Emerging human cell-based in vitro models for studying pituitary development and disorders.Endocrine journal · 2026Review
- Status of temozolomide use without insurance coverage in patients with aggressive pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.Endocrine journal · 2025Article
- Metastatic pituitary neuroendocrine neoplasms: A case report of a malignant prolactinoma.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Update on Current Evidence for the Diagnosis and Management of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Review
- Aggressive Pituitary Tumors and Pituitary Carcinomas: From Pathology to Treatment.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Organoid models of the pituitary gland in health and disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Recent advances in understanding and managing pituitary adenomas.Faculty reviews · 2023Review
- Temozolomide and Capecitabine Treatment for an Aggressive Somatotroph Pituitary Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Pituitary carcinoma: reclassification and implications in the NET schema.Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England) · 2022Review
- Rare Occurrence of Distant Metastases in Prolactinoma: Insights From 2 Cases and Review of the Literature.AACE endocrinology and diabetesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeRefractory prolactinomas resistant to dopamine agonists (DAs) pose a clinical challenge. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a recommended treatment option, but its effects are difficult to predict, and the alternatives are limited. Recent reports suggested that TMZ combined with capecitabine (CAPTEM) can be effective for the treatment of aggressive pituitary tumors. This study sought to evaluate the effect of TMZ in an ex vivo three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture assay and determine if this assay could be used to predict the therapeutic effect of CAPTEM in actual refractory prolactinomas.
methodsSurgically resected tumor tissues from two patients with refractory prolactinoma were cultured as 3D spheroids. The effects of TMZ were assessed based on its suppression of cell viability and reduction of prolactin (PRL) levels.
resultsIn Case 1, the 3D culture assay showed no effect of TMZ on cell viability or PRL suppression. Clinically, TMZ treatment did not reduce PRL levels (8870→8274 ng/mL) and the tumor progression. However, CAPTEM partially reduced PRL levels (9070→4046 ng/mL) and suppressed the tumor growth. In Case 2, TMZ in the 3D culture assay showed a 50% reduction of cell viability and 40% reduction of PRL levels. Clinically, CAPTEM was highly effective, with a considerable reduction in PRL level (17,500→210 ng/mL), and MRI showed almost no residual tumor.
conclusionsThis is the first report to describe the effects of CAPTEM treatment on refractory prolactinomas. The ex vivo 3D spheroid culture assay reliably predicted TMZ sensitivity and informed the selection between TMZ or CAPTEM treatment for refractory prolactinomas.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.