ReviewFrontiers of medicine2021
Various brain-eating amoebae: the protozoa, the pathogenesis, and the disease.
Review in Frontiers of medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroinvasive Free-Living Amoebae Pathogenesis, Neuroinflammation and Therapeutic Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Pathogens of the Human Central Nervous System-the Major Protozoan Parasites and Helminths.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Host factors, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes of Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Biological Activity of Stilbenoids Against Fungal, Parasitic, and Viral Pathogens.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Acanthamoeba castellanii cysteine protease 3 promotes M1 macrophage polarization through the TLR4/NF‑κB pathway.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Fatal Balamuthia Amoebic Encephalitis: A Case Report.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Environmentally derived Balamuthia mandrillaris contains endosymbiotic bacteria.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Advances in the study of extracellular vesicles of Naegleria fowleri and their role in contact-independent pathogenic mechanisms.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Detection and identification of Naegleria species along with Naegleria fowleri in the tap water samples.BMC medical genomics · 2025Article
- Encephalitis-causing free-living amoebic infections in children: A rare and fatal disease.Surgical neurology international · 2025Article
- Exosome engineering for targeted therapy of brain-infecting pathogens: molecular tools, delivery platforms, and translational advances.Frontiers in medical technology · 2025Review
- A primary amoebic meningoencephalitis case suspected to be infected by indoor swimming, China, 2024.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Strathclyde minor groove binders (S-MGBs) with activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Article
- The Pathology of the Brain Eating AmoebaIndian journal of microbiology · 2024Article
- Occurrence of Free-Living Amoebae in Non-Human Primate Gut.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Glucose metabolism in the pathogenic free-living amoebae: Tempting targets for treatment development.Chemical biology & drug design · 2024Review
- Utilizing metagenomic next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to identify a rare pediatric case ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Novel anti-Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Growth dynamic of biofilm-associatedFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Among various genera of free-living amoebae prevalent in nature, some members are identified as causative agents of human encephalitis, in which Naegleria fowleri followed by Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris have been successively discovered. As the three dominant genera responsible for infections, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia work as opportunistic pathogens of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, whereas Naegleria induces primary amoebic meningoencephalitis mostly in healthy children and young adults as a more violent and deadly disease. Due to the lack of typical symptoms and laboratory findings, all these amoebic encephalitic diseases are difficult to diagnose. Considering that subsequent therapies are also affected, all these brain infections cause significant mortality worldwide, with more than 90% of the cases being fatal. Along with global warming and population explosion, expanding areas of human and amoebae activity in some regions lead to increased contact, resulting in more serious infections and drawing increased public attention. In this review, we summarize the present information of these pathogenic free-living amoebae, including their phylogeny, classification, biology, and ecology. The mechanisms of pathogenesis, immunology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapies are also discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.