ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Statins and Bempedoic Acid: Different Actions of Cholesterol Inhibitors on Macrophage Activation.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pleiotropic Effects of Statins: Focus on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Immunomodulation (Part I).Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- IGF2BP2 Deficiency in Macrophages Impairs Migration, Reprograms Metabolism, and Limits Tumor Progression.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- The Mechanism of Simvastatin-Mediated M1 Macrophage Polarization Contributing to Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Anti-inflammatory effect of fluvastatin on polarized macrophages and its dependence on the mevalonate pathway.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Lipids and Inflammation: Novel Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Implications.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Progress in reeducating tumor-associated macrophages in tumor microenvironment.Discover oncology · 2024Review
- Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes loaded with icariin alleviates rheumatoid arthritis by modulating macrophage polarization in rats.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Immunomodulation by glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper in macrophages: enhanced phagocytosis, protection from pyroptosis, and altered mitochondrial function.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Nanostructured Microparticles Repolarize Macrophages and Induce Cell Death in an In Vitro Model of Tumour-Associated Macrophages.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Remodeling the hepatic fibrotic microenvironment with emerging nanotherapeutics: a comprehensive review.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- Simvastatin InhibitsInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Macrophage Polarization: Learning to Manage It.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Characterization of Anti-Cancer Activities of Violacein: Actions on Tumor Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Statins represent the most prescribed class of drugs for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Effects that go beyond lipid-lowering actions have been suggested to contribute to their beneficial pharmacological properties. Whether and how statins act on macrophages has been a matter of debate. In the present study, we aimed at characterizing the impact of statins on macrophage polarization and comparing these to the effects of bempedoic acid, a recently registered drug for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, which has been suggested to have a similar beneficial profile but fewer side effects. Treatment of primary murine macrophages with two different statins, i.e., simvastatin and cerivastatin, impaired phagocytotic activity and, concurrently, enhanced pro-inflammatory responses upon short-term lipopolysaccharide challenge, as characterized by an induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) 1β, and IL6. In contrast, no differences were observed under long-term inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) conditions, and neither inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression nor nitric oxide production was altered. Statin treatment led to extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) activation, and the pro-inflammatory statin effects were abolished by ERK inhibition. Bempedoic acid only had a negligible impact on macrophage responses when compared with statins. Taken together, our data point toward an immunomodulatory effect of statins on macrophage polarization, which is absent upon bempedoic acid treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.