ReviewEuropean heart journal2022
Importance of sex and gender in ischaemic stroke and carotid atherosclerotic disease.
Review in European heart journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- National, regional and provincial prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis and carotid plaque in Chinese adults: an updated systematic review and modelling analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Subclinical atherosclerosis in Behcet's disease and its inverse relation to azathioprine use: an updated meta-analysis.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Systemic inflammatory factors combined with HR-VWI-based plaque vulnerability discriminate ischemic phenotypes and predict prognosis in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis.Insights into imaging · 2026Article
- Burden of ischemic stroke in China from 1990 to 2050: A systematic review and analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Neuroprotection (Chichester, England) · 2026Article
- Stroke risk factors and outcomes in Trinidad and Tobago: the START study.BMC neurology · 2026Observational
- Analysis of a clot-based combined radiomics model for predicting embolic etiology in acute ischemic stroke patients.European journal of radiology open · 2025Article
- Article
- Adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term risk of stroke: a Swedish nationwide co-sibling study.European heart journal · 2025Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Early In-Hospital Outcome (Technical Success and Complications) of Carotid Artery Stenting and Risk Factors of Carotid Artery Stenosis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development and validation of a machine learning model for predicting vulnerable carotid plaques using routine blood biomarkers and derived indicators: insights into sex-related risk patterns.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Sleep disorders impact hormonal regulation: unravelling the relationship among sleep disorders, hormones and metabolic diseases.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Sex Differences in Thrombin Generation in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.Translational stroke research · 2025Article
- Changes of metabolic syndrome status alter the risks of cardiovascular diseases, stroke and all cause mortality.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Differences in risk factor profiles for peripheral artery disease compared to coronary, cerebral and carotid artery.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Age and Sex Differences in Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Metabolic score and its components are associated with carotid plaque prevalence in young adults.Endocrine · 2024Article
- Potential diagnostic biomarkers for immunogenic cell death in elderly female patients with ischemic stroke: identification and analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Vascular Diseases in Women: Do Women Suffer from Them Differently?Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Role ofBiomedicines · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Women are disproportionately affected by stroke, exhibiting higher mortality and disability rates post-stroke than men. Clinical stroke research has historically included mostly men and studies were not properly designed to perform sex- and gender-based analyses, leading to under-appreciation of differences between men and women in stroke presentation, outcomes, and response to treatment. Reasons for these differences are likely multifactorial; some are due to gender-related factors (i.e. decreased social support, lack of stroke awareness), yet others result from biological differences between sexes. Unlike men, women often present with 'atypical' stroke symptoms. Lack of awareness of 'atypical' presentation has led to delays in hospital arrival, diagnosis, and treatment of women. Differences also extend to carotid atherosclerotic disease, a cause of stroke, where plaques isolated from women are undeniably different in morphology/composition compared to men. As a result, women may require different treatment than men, as evidenced by the fact that they derive less benefit from carotid revascularization than men but more benefit from medical management. Despite this, women are less likely than men to receive medical therapy for cardiovascular risk factor management. This review focuses on the importance of sex and gender in ischaemic stroke and carotid atherosclerotic disease, summarizing the current evidence with respect to (i) stroke incidence, mortality, awareness, and outcomes, (ii) carotid plaque prevalence, morphology and composition, and gene connectivity, (iii) the role of sex hormones and sex chromosomes in atherosclerosis and ischaemic stroke risk, and (iv) carotid disease management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.