A comprehensive review of functional dyspepsia in pediatrics.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders have been known as a diagnosis of exclusion since the Rome Foundation first created these criteria in 1990. Since that time, a large amount of research and clinical data has better clarified the mechanisms and treatment options for these. Functional dyspepsia is caused by physiologic, genetic, environmental, and psychological factors, as well as various functional abnormalities, such as increased sensitivity to acid, increased sensitivity to duodenal lipids and low-grade inflammation. This disorder has significant symptom overlap between other functional disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome and gastroparesis, but has differential criteria and two new subclasses: postprandial distress syndrome and epigastric pain syndrome. Diagnosis of functional dyspepsia should be based upon appropriate clinical evaluation in tandem with Rome IV criteria. In recent years, many treatment measures for functional dyspepsia have been studied, such as pharmacologic intervention, behavioral therapy, or alternative therapy, an example being hypnotherapy. These treatment measures have proven to be effective in symptom reduction in pediatrics. Though this disorder is functional, it has been shown to cause a significant impact on pediatric patients' quality of life continuing into adulthood.