ArticleVirology2022
A two-dose optimum for recombinant S1 protein-based COVID-19 vaccination.
Article in Virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Antigen Format Determines Immunogenicity of AAV-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Full-Length Spike Versus Truncated Subunits.Vaccines · 2025Article
- A recombinant BCG with surface-displayed antigen induces humoral and cellular immune responses.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A multistage Sendai virus vaccine incorporating latency-associated antigens induces protection against acute and latent tuberculosis.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Review
- Poly(I:C) and R848 ligands show better adjuvanticity to induce B and T cell responses against the antigen(s).Heliyon · 2024Article
- The Application of Biomaterials for the Vaccine, Treatment, and Detection of SARS-CoV-2.ACS omega · 2024Review
- Development of semisynthetic saponin immunostimulants.Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2024Review
- Article
- Saponins: Research Progress and Their Potential Role in the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Interactions between glucosides of the tip of the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and dry and wet surfaces of CuO and Cu-A model for the surfaces of coinage metals.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRecombinant protein subunit vaccination is considered to be a safe, fast and reliable technique when combating emerging and re-emerging diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Typically, such subunit vaccines require the addition of adjuvants to attain adequate immunogenicity. AS01, which contains adjuvants MPL and saponin QS21, is a liposome-based vaccine adjuvant system that is one of the leading candidates. However, the adjuvant effect of AS01 in COVID-19 vaccines is not well described yet.
methodsIn this study, we utilized a mixture of AS01 as the adjuvant for an S1 protein-based COVID-19 vaccine.
resultsThe adjuvanted vaccine induced robust immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding antibody and virus-neutralizing antibody responses. Importantly, two doses induced similar levels of IgG binding antibody and neutralizing antibody responses compared with three doses and the antibody responses weakened only slightly over time up to six weeks after immunization.
conclusionThese results suggested that two doses may be enough for a clinical vaccine strategy design using MPL & QS21 adjuvanted recombinant protein, especially in consideration of the limited production capacity of COVID-19 vaccine in a public health emergency.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.