SynthesisBiological psychiatry2022
Enhancing Discovery of Genetic Variants for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Through Integration of Quantitative Phenotypes and Trauma Exposure Information.
Erratum issuedAbstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph
Synthesis in Biological psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 33 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
33citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Genome-wide association analyses of borderline personality disorder identify 11 loci and highlight shared risk with mental and somatic disorders.Nature genetics · 2026Pooled it
- Genome-wide association study of major anxiety disorders in 122,341 European-ancestry cases identifies 58 loci and highlights GABAergic signaling.Nature genetics · 2026Pooled it
- Genome-wide association analyses identify 95 risk loci and provide insights into the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder.Nature genetics · 2024Pooled it
- Understanding the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress severity and coronary artery disease using genome-wide information and electronic health records.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of PTSD symptom severity in three military cohorts implicates DNA methylation changes in genes involved in immune system and oxidative stress.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Identifying differential interactions of potentially traumatic experiences with genetic risk for posttraumatic stress disorder.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- Genetic interconnections between personality-related phenotypes and psychiatric disorders.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Shared and specific associations of amygdala nuclei volumes with PTSD symptom domains and childhood trauma: An ENIGMA-PGC PTSD mega-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Fine mapping of PTSD GWAS reveals a role for amygdalabioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Post-traumatic stress disorder.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- In-Depth characterization of the shared genetic architecture of suicide attempts with other major psychiatric disorders.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Leveraging genomic and transcriptomic data of diverse ancestry to uncover mechanisms of psychiatric risk in the adult and developing brain.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Multi-ancestry genetic architecture of sleep duration and its relationship to other sleep and psychiatric phenotypes.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Distinguishing neural ensembles in the infralimbic cortex that regulate stress vulnerability and coping behavior.Neurobiology of stress · 2025Article
- Psychiatric genetics in the diverse landscape of Latin American populations.Nature genetics · 2025Review
- Mapping medically relevant RNA isoform diversity in the aged human frontal cortex with deep long-read RNA-seq.Nature biotechnology · 2025Article
- Implications of gene × environment interactions in post-traumatic stress disorder risk and treatment.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Comparison of the multivariate genetic architecture of eight major psychiatric disorders across sex.Nature genetics · 2025Article
- Stress Molecular Signaling in Interaction With Cognition.Biological psychiatry · 2025Review
- Post-traumatic stress disorder: evolving conceptualization and evidence, and future research directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issuedErratum.2022
Authors and funding
181 authors.
Adam X MaihoferDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California. Electronic address: amaihofer@health.ucsd.edu.
Karmel W ChoiDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Jonathan R I ColemanSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Nikolaos P DaskalakisDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center of Excellence in Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Christy A DencklaDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Elizabeth KetemaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Rajendra A MoreyDuke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
Renato PolimantiDepartment of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Andrew RatanatharathornDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York.
Katy TorresDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Aliza P WingoDivision of Mental Health, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Clement C ZaiDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Molecular Brain Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Allison E AielloDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Lynn M AlmliDepartments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Ananda B AmstadterDepartment of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, Virginia.
Soren B AndersenResearch and Knowledge Centre, The Danish Veteran Centre, Ringsted, Denmark.
Ole A AndreassenDivision of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Paul A ArbisiMental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Allison E Ashley-KochDuke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
S Bryn AustinDepartment of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Esmina AvdibegovićDepartment of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Anders D BorglumCentre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
Dragan BabićDepartment of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Marie Bækvad-HansenThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Dewleen G BakerDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Jean C BeckhamDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Genetics Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Laura J BierutDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
Jonathan I BissonMedical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Marco P BoksDepartment of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Elizabeth A BolgerDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Bekh BradleyMental Health Services, Decatur, Georgia; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Meghan BrashearDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Gerome BreenSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Richard A BryantDepartment of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Angela C BustamanteDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Jonas Bybjerg-GrauholmThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Joseph R CalabreseDepartment of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
José M Caldas-de-AlmeidaLisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
Chia-Yen ChenTranslational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Anders M DaleDepartment of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
Shareefa DalvieSouth African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Jürgen DeckertCenter of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Douglas L DelahantyDepartment of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio; Research and Sponsored Programs, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
Michelle F DennisDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Genetics Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Seth G DisnerResearch Service Line, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Katharina DomschkeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Laramie E DuncanDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Alma Džubur KulenovićDepartment of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Christopher R ErbesMental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Alexandra EvansMedical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Lindsay A FarrerBiomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Norah C FeenyDepartment of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
Janine D FloryDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
David ForbesDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Carol E FranzDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
Sandro GaleaDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Melanie E GarrettDuke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
Aarti GautamCenter for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Bizu GelayeDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Joel GelernterDepartment of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Elbert GeuzeDepartment of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Charles F GillespieDepartments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Aferdita GoçiDepartment of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo.
Scott D GordonDepartment of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Guia GuffantiDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Rasha HammamiehCenter for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Michael A HauserDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
Andrew C HeathDepartment of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
Sian M J HemmingsSouth African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
David Michael HougaardThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Miro JakovljevićDepartment of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Marti JettDepartment of Integrative Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.
Eric Otto JohnsonGenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Fellows Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Ian JonesMedical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Tanja JovanovicDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Xue-Jun QinDuke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
Karen-Inge KarstoftResearch and Knowledge Centre, The Danish Veteran Centre, Ringsted, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Milissa L KaufmanDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Ronald C KesslerDepartment of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Alaptagin KhanDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Nathan A KimbrelDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Mental Health Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Genetics Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Anthony P KingDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Nastassja KoenSouth African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
Henry R KranzlerMental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
William S KremenDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Bruce R LawfordSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
Lauren A M LeboisDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Catrin LewisMedical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Israel LiberzonDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas.
Sarah D LinnstaedtInstitute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Mark W LogueBiomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
Adriana LoriGynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Božo LugonjaMedical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Jurjen J LuykxDepartment of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Michael J LyonsDean of Students' Office, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Jessica L Maples-KellerDepartments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Charles MarmarDepartment of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York.
Nicholas G MartinDepartment of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Douglas MaurerCommand, United States Army, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
Matig R MavissakalianDepartment of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
Alexander McFarlaneCentre for Traumatic Stress Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Regina E McGlincheyTranslational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
Katie A McLaughlinDepartment of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Samuel A McLeanInstitute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Divya MehtaSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
Rebecca MellorGallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia.
Vasiliki MichopoulosDepartments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
William MilbergTranslational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
Mark W MillerBiomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
Charles Phillip MorrisSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Jamieson Trauma Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
Ole MorsPsychosis Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
Preben B MortensenCentre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
Elliot C NelsonDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
Merete NordentoftThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Sonya B NormanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Executive Division, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, White River Junction, Vermont.
Meaghan O'DonnellDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Holly K OrcuttDepartment of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois.
Matthew S PanizzonDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
Edward S PetersDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Alan L PetersonResearch and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
Matthew PeverillDepartment of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Robert H PietrzakNational Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Melissa A PolusnyMental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
John P RiceDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
Victoria B RisbroughDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Andrea L RobertsDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Alex O RothbaumDepartment of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
Barbara O RothbaumDepartments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Peter Roy-ByrneDepartments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Kenneth J RuggieroDepartment of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
Ariane RungDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Bart P F RuttenDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.
Nancy L SacconeDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
Sixto E SanchezDepartment of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Lima, Peru.
Dick SchijvenDepartment of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Soraya SeedatSouth African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
Antonia V SeligowskiDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Julia S SengDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Christina M SheerinDepartment of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, Virginia.
Derrick SiloveDepartment of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Alicia K SmithDepartments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Jordan W SmollerDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Scott R SponheimMental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Dan J SteinSouth African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
Jennifer S StevensDepartments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Martin H TeicherDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Wesley K ThompsonHerbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark.
Edward TrapidoDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Monica UddinGenomics Program, University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida.
Robert J UrsanoDepartment of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland.
Leigh Luella van den HeuvelSouth African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
Miranda Van HooffCentre for Traumatic Stress Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Eric VermettenDepartment of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Research Expert Group, Diemen, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
Christiaan H VinkersDepartment of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Joanne VoiseySchool of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
Yunpeng WangThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Zhewu WangDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Mental Health, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina.
Thomas WergeThe Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Michelle A WilliamsDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Douglas E WilliamsonDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Sherry WinternitzDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Christiane WolfCenter of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Erika J WolfBiomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
Rachel YehudaDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Mental Health, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx.
Keith A YoungDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas; Department of Psychiatry, Baylor Scott & White Health Central Texas Division, Temple, Texas; Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Waco, Texas.
Ross McD YoungSchool of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Jamieson Trauma Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
Hongyu ZhaoDepartment of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Lori A ZoellnerDepartments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Magali HaasCohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Heather LasseterCohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Allison C ProvostCohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Rany M SalemDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
Jonathan SebatDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
Richard A ShafferDepartment of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California.
Tianying WuMoores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, California.
Stephan RipkePsychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
Mark J DalyPsychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Kerry J ResslerDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Karestan C KoenenDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Murray B SteinDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Caroline M NievergeltDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Funding
The VETSA Longitudinal Twin Study of Cognition and Aging (VETSA 4)R01AG050595 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI ELMAN, JEREMY A, FRANZ, CAROL ELAINE · 2015 to 2024
$28.0MThe VETSA Longitudinal MRI Twin Study of AgingR01AG022381 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI KREMEN, WILLIAM S. · 2003 to 2019
$22.3MEarly Stress, Sensitive Periods and the Neurobiology of AddictionR01DA017846 · NIDA · MC LEAN HOSPITAL (BELMONT, MA) · PI TEICHER, MARTIN H · 2004 to 2024
$9.8MPsychiatric Genomics Consortium for PTSDR01MH106595 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI KARESTAN C KOENEN, Caroline M Nievergelt · 2016 to 2026
$8.4M2/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Finding Actionable VariationU01MH109539 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI DALY, MARK JOSEPH · 2016 to 2020
$4.7MGenetic Predictors, Transcriptomic Biomarkers, & Neurobiological Signatures of Resilience to Alzheimer's DiseaseR01AG064955 · NIA · UPSTATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY · PI FENNEMA-NOTESTINE, CHRISTINE, GLATT, STEPHEN J · 2019 to 2023
$3.8MSensitive Periods, Brain Development and DepressionR01MH091391 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI TEICHER, MARTIN H · 2010 to 2014
$3.4MPathogenic mechanisms in post-bereavement psychopathology: Contributions of gene-environment interplay, psychosocial factors, and cognitive ability in two population-based cohortsK23MH117278 · NIMH · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI DENCKLA, CHRISTY ANN · 2019 to 2023
$942kCharacterizing the Neurobiology of Pathological Dissociation: Mechanisms of Face Perception and Self Referential ProcessingK01MH118467 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI LEBOIS, LAUREN ANN MCDONOUGH · 2019 to 2022
$679kExploring polygenic risk as a means for personalizing TBI rehabilitationIK2RX002922 · VA · MINNEAPOLIS VA MEDICAL CENTER · PI DISNER, SETH GORDON · 2019 to 2024
–Validation of PTSD signals across multiple biological domains for the development of diagnostic biomarkers for PTSD in military populations to improve clinical care of VeteransI21BX005872 · VA · VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM · PI RISBROUGH, VICTORIA B · 2022 to 2023
–Neuronal exosomes to identify biomarkers and pathology of deployment-related TBII01BX004312 · VA · VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM · PI RISBROUGH, VICTORIA B, RISSMAN, ROBERT · 2019 to 2022
–BLRD VA I01 BX004312BLRD VA I21 BX005872Medical Research Council MC_PC_17228Medical Research Council MC_QA137853Medical Research Council MR/L010305/1NIA NIH HHS R01 AG022381NIA NIH HHS R01 AG050595NIA NIH HHS R01 AG064955NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA017846NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH118467NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH117278NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH091391NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH106595NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH109539RRD VA IK2 RX002922
Abstract
backgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is heritable and a potential consequence of exposure to traumatic stress. Evidence suggests that a quantitative approach to PTSD phenotype measurement and incorporation of lifetime trauma exposure (LTE) information could enhance the discovery power of PTSD genome-wide association studies (GWASs).
methodsA GWAS on PTSD symptoms was performed in 51 cohorts followed by a fixed-effects meta-analysis (N = 182,199 European ancestry participants). A GWAS of LTE burden was performed in the UK Biobank cohort (N = 132,988). Genetic correlations were evaluated with linkage disequilibrium score regression. Multivariate analysis was performed using Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS. Functional mapping and annotation of leading loci was performed with FUMA. Replication was evaluated using the Million Veteran Program GWAS of PTSD total symptoms.
resultsGWASs of PTSD symptoms and LTE burden identified 5 and 6 independent genome-wide significant loci, respectively. There was a 72% genetic correlation between PTSD and LTE. PTSD and LTE showed largely similar patterns of genetic correlation with other traits, albeit with some distinctions. Adjusting PTSD for LTE reduced PTSD heritability by 31%. Multivariate analysis of PTSD and LTE increased the effective sample size of the PTSD GWAS by 20% and identified 4 additional loci. Four of these 9 PTSD loci were independently replicated in the Million Veteran Program.
conclusionsThrough using a quantitative trait measure of PTSD, we identified novel risk loci not previously identified using prior case-control analyses. PTSD and LTE have a high genetic overlap that can be leveraged to increase discovery power through multivariate methods.
Indexed as
Stress Disorders, Post-TraumaticGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansPhenotypePolymorphism, Single NucleotideGeneticsGWASHeritabilityPheWASPTSDTrauma
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.