ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Transcriptomic Characterization of Cow, Donkey and Goat Milk Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Their Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potential.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cross-Species Analysis of Milk Extracellular Vesicles Reveals a Conserved Innate Core and a Divergent, Human-Specific Adaptive Immune Fraction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Milk-derived extracellular vesicles: nutritional significance, nano-delivery potential, and emerging therapeutic applications - an updated review.Food science of animal resources · 2026Review
- Potential Anticancer Activity of Donkey Milk in Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma (AGS) Cell Line.Biology · 2026Article
- Conserved Core and Species-Specific Signatures in the Milk Exosomal microRNA Targetome: A Preliminary Comparative In Silico Analysis of Human, Cow, Goat and Donkey Milk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A novel spray-dried milk extracellular vesicles formulation with long-term immunomodulatory activity and functional stability.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Placental extracellular vesicles stimulate intestinal re-growth after massive small bowel resection in a rat model.Pediatric surgery international · 2026Article
- Predominant miRNAs in Animal-Source Foods and Bioinformatic Analysis.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Milk-Derived EVs from Different Animal Sources: An Overview on Their Detection, Isolation and Pleiotropic Exerted Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Impact of mare milk-derived small extracellular vesicles on proliferation, phagocytosis, and migration in RAW264.7 macrophage.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Colostrum extracellular vesicles are neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Goat and cow-milk based infant formulas contain extracellular vesicles with different miRNA and protein cargo.Current research in food science · 2026Article
- The Donkey Genome: From Evolutionary Insights to Sustainable Breeding Strategies.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles in dairy cattle: research progress and prospects for practical applications.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Nutritional Composition and Biological Activities of Donkey Milk: A Narrative Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Industrial Scale Production and Characterization of a Whey Fraction Enriched in Extracellular Vesicle Material.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles as Epigenetic Regulators of Redox Homeostasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Unraveling the genetic and physiological potential of donkeys: insights from genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics approaches.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2025Review
- Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Perspective on Comparative Therapeutics and Targeted Nanocarrier Application.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Analysis of miRNAs in milk of four livestock species.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Comparison of colostrum and milk extracellular vesicles small RNA cargo in water buffalo.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Milk extracellular vesicles (mEVs) seem to be one of the main maternal messages delivery systems. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are micro/nano-sized membrane-bound structures enclosing signaling molecules and thus acting as signal mediators between distant cells and/or tissues, exerting biological effects such as immune modulation and pro-regenerative activity. Milk is also a unique, scalable, and reliable source of EVs. Our aim was to characterize the RNA content of cow, donkey, and goat mEVs through transcriptomic analysis of mRNA and small RNA libraries. Over 10,000 transcripts and 2000 small RNAs were expressed in mEVs of each species. Among the most represented transcripts, 110 mRNAs were common between the species with cow acting as the most divergent. The most represented small RNA class was miRNA in all the species, with 10 shared miRNAs having high impact on the immune regulatory function. Functional analysis for the most abundant mRNAs shows epigenetic functions such as histone modification, telomere maintenance, and chromatin remodeling for cow; lipid catabolism, oxidative stress, and vitamin metabolism for donkey; and terms related to chemokine receptor interaction, leukocytes migration, and transcriptional regulation in response to stress for goat. For miRNA targets, shared terms emerged as the main functions for all the species: immunity modulation, protein synthesis, cellular cycle regulation, transmembrane exchanges, and ion channels. Moreover, donkey and goat showed additional terms related to epigenetic modification and DNA maintenance. Our results showed a potential mEVs immune regulatory purpose through their RNA cargo, although in vivo validation studies are necessary.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.