Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34885795›Full record

ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2021

Neuroprotective Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors.

Agnieszka Pawlos, Marlena Broncel, Ewelina Woźniak, Paulina Gorzelak-Pabiś

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 170 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
170citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
21.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

170 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 260 citations in OpenAlex.

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  10. A phase 2A/B randomized trial of metabolic modulators intranasal insulin and empagliflozin for MCI and early AD.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
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  11. Effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in early Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
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110 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Agnieszka PawlosLaboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-1058-0590
Marlena BroncelLaboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland.
Ewelina WoźniakLaboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-4755-425X
Paulina Gorzelak-PabiśLaboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7547-8218
Medical University of Lodz · PL

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and cognitive impairment. SGLT2 inhibitors (Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Ertugliflozin, Sotagliflozin) are newer hypoglycemic agents with many pleiotropic effects. In this review, we discuss their neuroprotective potential. SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are lipid-soluble and reach the brain/serum ratio from 0.3 to 0.5. SGLT receptors are present in the central nervous system (CNS). Flozins are not fully SGLT2-selective and have an affinity for the SGLT1 receptor, which is associated with protection against ischemia/reperfusion brain damage. SGLT2i show an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effect, including reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, M2 macrophage polarization, JAK2/STAT1 and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition, as well as cIMT regression. They also mitigate oxidative stress. SGLT2i improve endothelial function, prevent remodeling and exert a protective effect on the neurovascular unit, blood-brain barrier, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Flozins are also able to inhibit AChE, which contributes to cognitive improvement. Empagliflozin significantly increases the level of cerebral BDNF, which modulates neurotransmission and ensures growth, survival, and plasticity of neurons. Moreover, they may be able to restore the circadian rhythm of mTOR activation, which is quite a novel finding in the field of research on metabolic diseases and cognitive impairment. SGLT2i have a great potential to protect against atherosclerosis and cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Indexed as

AnimalsAtherosclerosisBrainCognitive DysfunctionDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2HumansHypoglycemic AgentsNeuroprotective AgentsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsHypoglycemic AgentsNeuroprotective AgentsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitorsatheroprotectioncognitive impairmentinflammationmTORneuroprotectionoxidative stressSGLT2isodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorstype 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID34885795
PMCPMC8659196
OpenAlexW3214770882

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.