ArticleFree radical biology & medicine2022
Gamma-tocopherol, a major form of vitamin E in diets: Insights into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, mechanisms, and roles in disease management.
Article in Free radical biology & medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary and Nutraceutical Interventions as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy-A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Connecting plant, animal, and human health using untargeted metabolomics.Journal of animal science · 2025Trial
- An overview of international reference values for vitamin E intake - similarities and differences in derivation.European journal of nutrition · 2026Review
- Plasma metabolomic profiling reveals metabolic shifts linked to growth depression in broilers fed high level of valine.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Acorn Bread: The Synergy of Acorn Flour, Sustainability, and EU Organic Standards.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Coenzyme QInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Passion Fruit Seed Oil as a Natural Tyrosinase Inhibitor: Extraction Optimization, Multi-Mechanism Elucidation, and Efficacy Validation in Zebrafish.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The effects of different forms of vitamin E on gut microbiota, mechanisms, and implications in disease prevention.The Journal of nutritional biochemistry · 2026Review
- Comparative Analysis ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Metabolic dynamics and stage-specific biomarkers in chronic HBV infection: a metabolomics study.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Phytochemical and Bioactivity Profiling of Unconventional Food Plant,Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- The correlation between different lifestyles and body composition focuses on eating habits, nutritional status, and physical exercise components.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2025Review
- Genome-wide association mapping and transcriptional analysis uncover genetic determinants of minor tocopherols in rice seeds.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Genetically Predict Diet-derived Antioxidants and Risk of Neurodegenerative Diseases Among Individuals of European Descent: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Gamma-tocopherol vitamin E enhances the cytotoxicity of p-cresyl sulfate to renal tubular cells.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Integrated analysis identifies key genes underlying the bidirectional association between depression and renal failure.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Shifting Perspectives on the Role of Tocotrienol vs. Tocopherol in Brain Health: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The Multifaceted Health Benefits of Broccoli-A Review of Glucosinolates, Phenolics and Antimicrobial Peptides.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Vitamins in the Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer: Implications for Prevention and Therapeutic Support.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Anti-Aging Potential of Avocado Oil via Its Antioxidant Effects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
γ-Tocopherol (γT) is a major form of vitamin E in the US diet and the second most abundant vitamin E in the blood and tissues, while α-tocopherol (αT) is the predominant vitamin E in tissues. During the last >25 years, research has revealed that γT has unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities relevant to disease prevention compared to αT. While both compounds are potent lipophilic antioxidants, γT but not αT can trap reactive nitrogen species by forming 5-nitro-γT, and appears to show superior protection of mitochondrial function. γT inhibits ionophore-stimulated leukotrienes by blocking 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) translocation in leukocytes, decreases cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-catalyzed prostaglandins in macrophages and blocks the growth of cancer cells but not healthy cells. For these activities, γT is stronger than αT. Moreover, γT is more extensively metabolized than αT via cytochrome P-450 (CYP4F2)-initiated side-chain oxidation, which leads to formation of metabolites including 13'-carboxychromanol (13'-COOH) and carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman (γ-CEHC). 13'-COOH and γ-CEHC are shown to be the predominant metabolites found in feces and urine, respectively. Interestingly, γ-CEHC has natriuretic activity and 13'-COOH inhibits both COX-1/-2 and 5-LOX activity. Consistent with these mechanistic findings of γT and metabolites, studies show that supplementation of γT mitigates inflammation and disease symptoms in animal models with induced inflammation, asthma and cancer. In addition, supplementation of γT decreased inflammation markers in patients with kidney diseases and mild asthma. These observations support that γT may be useful against inflammation-associated diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.