ReviewAlzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)2021
Dementia risk reduction: why haven't the pharmacological risk reduction trials worked? An in-depth exploration of seven established risk factors.
Review in Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Umbrella review and Delphi study on modifiable factors for dementia risk reduction.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Pooled it
- Identifying the optimal combinations of modifiable dementia risk factors to target in multidomain intervention - Three-year longitudinal findings from the Canadian longitudinal study on aging.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Article
- Neurovascular coupling and functional connectivity changes through the Alzheimer's disease spectrum: Effects of simvastatin treatment.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Consensus statement on exploring the Nexus between nutrition, brain health and dementia prevention.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Review
- How the Dietary Saturated/Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio Modulates Brain Function in Older Adults.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: Mechanisms, treatment, and future directions.International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society · 2024Review
- Dietary pattern, food, and nutritional supplement effects on cognitive outcomes in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of previous reviews.Nutrition reviews · 2023Article
- Serum lipid traits and the risk of dementia: A cohort study of 254,575 women and 214,891 men in the UK Biobank.EClinicalMedicine · 2022Article
- Therapeutic roles of plants for 15 hypothesised causal bases of Alzheimer's disease.Natural products and bioprospecting · 2022Article
- "Exceptions that prove the rule"-Why have clinical trials failed to show efficacy of risk factor interventions suggested by observational studies of the dementia-Alzheimer's disease syndrome?Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2022Article
- Development of the CogDrisk tool to assess risk factors for dementia.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
- Blood pressure change and cognition in childhood and early adulthood: a systematic review.Therapeutic advances in chronic disease · 2022Review
- Dementia risk reduction: why haven't the pharmacological risk reduction trials worked? An in-depth exploration of seven established risk factors.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Identifying the leading health and lifestyle factors for the risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease has yet to translate to risk reduction. To understand why, we examined the discrepancies between observational and clinical trial evidence for seven modifiable risk factors: type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, estrogens, inflammation, omega-3 fatty acids, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Sample heterogeneity and paucity of intervention details (dose, timing, formulation) were common themes. Epidemiological evidence is more mature for some interventions (eg, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]) than others. Trial data are promising for anti-hypertensives and B vitamin supplementation. Taken together, these risk factors highlight a future need for more targeted sample selection in clinical trials, a better understanding of interventions, and deeper analysis of existing data.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.