ReviewPLoS pathogens2021
Schistosome immunomodulators.
Review in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Schistosomiasis-Microbiota Interactions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with advanced schistosomiasis in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Optimization and production of a GLP-grade recombinant Sm29 vaccine against schistosomiasis: From expression to preclinical assessment.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Paragonimus proliferus Metacercaria-derived antigens mitigate DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis via immunomodulation and gut microbiota reconfiguration.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Glycan remodelling of live adult Schistosoma mansoni worms by chemical inhibition of α-mannosidases.International journal for parasitology · 2026Article
- Tristetraprolin attenuates schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis through m⁶A-mediated regulation of TGF-β1 mRNA stability.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- A Hidden "Promoter":Infection and immunity · 2026Article
- Matrix-Dependent Sensitivity of Two Pan-Trematode PCR Assays for DetectingInfectious disease reports · 2026Article
- PD-L1 expression in schistosomal granuloma: an immunohistochemical study in urinary bladder schistosomiasis.Journal of clinical pathology · 2026Article
- TrueFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- A narrative review of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes and vaccine efficacy: strategizing pandemic preparedness in Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Roles of Glycoconjugates and Mucinases from Carcinogenic Liver Fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, in Host: Parasite Interactions.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Cross-reactivity and localization of Schistosoma mansoni antigen for immunodiagnosis.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas · 2026Article
- Cyclophilins as key players in protozoan parasite infections.Parasites & vectors · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles From Schistosoma mansoni Adult Worms Stimulate IL-10 Release by B Cells.Parasite immunology · 2025Article
- Functional characterization of a common XIa inhibitory Kunitz-domain Shp4 from nine schistosoma secreted proteins with diverse C-terminal fragments.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Generation of Immune Modulating Small Metabolites-Metabokines-By Adult Schistosomes.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- [Focus on schistosomiasis cirrhosis: disease burden, pathogenic characteristics, and research frontiers].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- Cytokines from parasites: manipulating host responses by molecular mimicry.The Biochemical journal · 2025Review
- Unveiling the anti-neoplastic potential of Schistosoma mansoni-derived antigen against breast cancer: a pre-clinical study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Schistosomes are long lived, intravascular parasitic platyhelminths that infect >200 million people globally. The molecular mechanisms used by these blood flukes to dampen host immune responses are described in this review. Adult worms express a collection of host-interactive tegumental ectoenzymes that can cleave host signaling molecules such as the "alarmin" ATP (cleaved by SmATPDase1), the platelet activator ADP (SmATPDase1, SmNPP5), and can convert AMP into the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine (SmAP). SmAP can additionally cleave the lipid immunomodulator sphingosine-1-phosphate and the proinflammatory anionic polymer, polyP. In addition, the worms release a barrage of proteins (e.g., SmCB1, SjHSP70, cyclophilin A) that can impinge on immune cell function. Parasite eggs also release their own immunoregulatory proteins (e.g., IPSE/α1, omega1, SmCKBP) as do invasive cercariae (e.g., Sm16, Sj16). Some schistosome glycans (e.g., LNFPIII, LNnT) and lipids (e.g., Lyso-PS, LPC), produced by several life stages, likewise affect immune cell responses. The parasites not only produce eicosanoids (e.g., PGE2, PGD2-that can be anti-inflammatory) but can also induce host cells to release these metabolites. Finally, the worms release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs, and these too have been shown to skew host cell metabolism. Thus, schistosomes employ an array of biomolecules-protein, lipid, glycan, nucleic acid, and more, to bend host biochemistry to their liking. Many of the listed molecules have been individually shown capable of inducing aspects of the polarized Th2 response seen following infection (with the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) and anti-inflammatory, alternatively activated (M2) macrophages). Precisely how host cells integrate the impact of these myriad parasite products following natural infection is not known. Several of the schistosome immunomodulators described here are in development as novel therapeutics against autoimmune, inflammatory, and other, nonparasitic, diseases.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.