ArticleBMJ open diabetes research & care2021
Sex differences over time for glycemic control, pump use and insulin dose in patients aged 10-40 years with type 1 diabetes: a diabetes registry study.
Article in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends in Total Daily Dose and Variability of Insulin Requirements in Newly Diagnosed Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes over 48 Months.Diabetes technology & therapeutics · 2025Trial
- Gender Differences in Diabetes Technology: Adherence and Outcomes-A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Bridging the Digital Divide: Real-World Efficacy of Commercial and Open-Source Automated Insulin Delivery Systems in a Diverse, Low-Resource Pediatric Population.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026Article
- Glycaemic Control by Sociodemographic Factors in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes in England: Trends From 2007-2008 to 2023-2024.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Social Support Mechanisms in an Online Type 1 Diabetes Community: Social Network Analysis of Stakeholder Diversity and Disease Duration.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Observational
- Challenges in glycaemic control among women with type 1 diabetes and the role of MiniMed 780G system: A narrative review.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics and Glucose Variability in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes Treated with Advanced Hybrid Closed Loop Therapy: An Observational, Retrospective, One-Year Follow-Up Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Underlying Determinants of Glycemic Control Among Diabetic Patients in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Closed-loop therapy: recent advancements and potential predictors of glycemic outcomes.Expert opinion on drug delivery · 2025Review
- Sex-Based Differences in BMI and LDL-C Trajectories Following Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosis in Youth.Pediatric diabetes · 2025Article
- Sex inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors and their management in primary prevention in adults living with type 1 diabetes in Germany and France: findings from DPV and SFDT1.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Article
- The Appropriateness of Medical Devices Is Strongly Influenced by Sex and Gender.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Women Have Greater Endothelin-B Receptor Function and Lower Mitochondrial Capacity Compared to Men With Type 1 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Incidence, prevalence and care of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in Germany: Time trends and regional socioeconomic situation.Journal of health monitoring · 2023Article
- Sex differences in body composition in youth with type 1 diabetes and its predictive value in cardiovascular disease risk assessment.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2023Observational
- Healthy lifestyle and genomic ancestry related to good glycemic control in type 1 diabetes patients from Northeastern Brazil: a hierarchical analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Area deprivation and demographic factors associated with diabetes technology use in adults with type 1 diabetes in Germany.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Diabetes in adolescence.Pediatric diabetes · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionTo evaluate sex differences in people with type 1 diabetes concerning changes in glycemic control and trends in insulin pump use and insulin dose over two decades in adolescents and one-and-a-half decades in adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsPeople aged 10-20 years (data years 1999-2018) and 21-40 years (data years 2004-2018) with type 1 diabetes were identified in the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up Registry (DPV). All available patients' data sets of the respective period were used for linear regression analyses to investigate trends in HbA1c, pump use, insulin doses and body mass index SD scores (BMI-SDS) in females and males. In addition, stratification by migrant background was made for the adolescent group.
resultsIn the youth group (n=68 662), both boys and girls showed an HbA1c decrease over the period examined. After stratification for migrant background, an HbA1c convergence between boys and girls was seen in those without migrant background as of 2016. Usage of insulin pumps increased continuously from 3% (boys and girls) to 47% (boys) and 54% (girls), respectively. The daily insulin dose in units per kilogram body weight and day increased continuously from 1999 to 2018. An insulin dose leveling between boys and girls occurred. BMI-SDS consistently increased in girls whereas only slight variations were observed in boys.The adult group (n=15 380) showed constant HbA1c sex differences from 2004 to 2018 with lower HbA1c level in females. The use of insulin pump therapy rose from 18% to 35% (males) and 30% to 50% (females).
conclusionsThe gap in metabolic control between boys and girls with type 1 diabetes seems to close, but predominantly in adolescents without a migrant background. Improved HbA1c was associated with increased insulin pump use, especially in girls.In adult patients, sex differences in metabolic control and insulin pump use persist: women show constantly lower HbA1c values and higher insulin pump use.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.