ReviewFrontiers in genetics2021
Immunotherapy Resistance in Glioblastoma.
Review in Frontiers in genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meningeal immunity and "Interstitial" therapy: a new paradigm for immunotherapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Explore the Heterogeneity of Glioblastoma Based on Genes Related to Glutamine Metabolism.Cancer informatics · 2026Article
- Hippo pathway effectors are associated with glioma patient survival, control cell proliferation and sterol metabolism through TEAD3.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Preclinical development of an mRNA-based multiepitope immunotherapeutic for glioblastoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- An in-depth survey of immunosuppressive myeloid cell heterogeneity in gliomas.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Article
- Human single cell RNA-sequencing reveals a targetable CD8Nature communications · 2024Article
- Unveiling the Inflammatory Landscape of Recurrent Glioblastoma through Histological-Based Assessments.Cancers · 2024Review
- Integrin receptor-targeted, doxorubicin-loaded cerium oxide nanoparticles delivery to combat glioblastoma.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2024Article
- Review
- Cellular diversity through space and time: adding new dimensions to GBM therapeutic development.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Review
- Primary Intracranial Gliosarcoma: Is It Really a Variant of Glioblastoma? An Update of the Clinical, Radiological, and Biomolecular Characteristics.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Programs, Origins, and Niches of Immunomodulatory Myeloid Cells in Gliomas.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Targeted inhibition of the methyltransferase SETD8 synergizes with the Wee1 inhibitor adavosertib in restraining glioblastoma growth.Cell death & disease · 2023Article
- Spatial Distribution of Immune Cells in Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Small Case Study.Cancers · 2023Article
- Driver Mutations Dictate the Immunologic Landscape and Response to Checkpoint Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma.Cancer immunology research · 2023Article
- Article
- Drug resistance in glioblastoma: from chemo- to immunotherapy.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2023Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite treatment consisting of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, survival remains poor at a rate of 26.5% at 2 years. Recent successes in using immunotherapies to treat a number of solid and hematologic cancers have led to a growing interest in harnessing the immune system to target glioblastoma. Several studies have examined the efficacy of various immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, adoptive transfer of lymphocytes, and oncolytic virotherapy in both pre-clinical and clinical settings. However, these therapies have yielded mixed results at best when applied to glioblastoma. While the initial failures of immunotherapy were thought to reflect the immunoprivileged environment of the brain, more recent studies have revealed immune escape mechanisms created by the tumor itself and adaptive resistance acquired in response to therapy. Several of these resistance mechanisms hijack key signaling pathways within the immune system to create a protumoral microenvironment. In this review, we discuss immunotherapies that have been trialed in glioblastoma, mechanisms of tumor resistance, and strategies to sensitize these tumors to immunotherapies. Insights gained from the studies summarized here may help pave the way for novel therapies to overcome barriers that have thus far limited the success of immunotherapy in glioblastoma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.