ArticleAmerican heart journal2022
Association between race/ethnicity and income on the likelihood of coronary revascularization among postmenopausal women with acute myocardial infarction: Women's health initiative study.
Article in American heart journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Recombinant Human Brain Natriuretic Peptides on Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Survival After the First Myocardial Infarction in Older Women: A Prospective Cohort Analysis From the WHI.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Article
- Eliminating Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease for Black Women: JACC Review Topic of the Week.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2022Review
- Thoughts about the change in incidence, treatment, and outcomes of first myocardial infarctions across the 21st century.European heart journal open · 2022Article
- Contributions of the Women's Health Initiative to Cardiovascular Research: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHistorically, race, income, and gender were associated with likelihood of receipt of coronary revascularization for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Given public health initiatives such as Healthy People 2010, it is unclear whether race and income remain associated with the likelihood of coronary revascularization among women with AMI.
methodsUsing the Women's Health Initiative Study, hazards ratio (HR) of revascularization for AMI was compared for Black and Hispanic women vs White women and among women with annual income <$20,000/year vs ≥$20,000/year over median 9.5 years follow-up(1993-2019). Proportional hazards models were adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, and AMI type. Results were stratified by revascularization type: percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG). Trends by race and income were compared pre- and post-2010 using time-varying analysis.
resultsAmong 5,284 individuals with AMI (9.5% Black, 2.8% Hispanic, and 87.7% White; 23.2% <$20,000/year), Black race was associated with lower likelihood of receiving revascularization for AMI compared to White race in fully adjusted analyses [HR:0.79(95% Confidence Interval:[CI]0.66,0.95)]. When further stratified by type of revascularization, Black race was associated with lower likelihood of percutaneous coronary intervention for AMI compared to White race [HR:0.72(95% CI:0.59,0.90)] but not for CABG [HR:0.97(95%CI:0.72,1.32)]. Income was associated with lower likelihood of revascularization [HR:0.90(95%CI:0.82,0.99)] for AMI. No differences were observed for other racial/ethnic groups. Time periods (pre/post-2010) were not associated with change in revascularization rates.
conclusionBlack race and income remain associated with lower likelihood of revascularization among patients presenting with AMI. There is a substantial need to disrupt the mechanisms contributing to race, sex, and income disparities in AMI management.
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