ReviewTranslational psychiatry2022
Immunological causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: is it time for the concept of an "autoimmune OCD" subtype?
Review in Translational psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Secondary obsessive-compulsive syndromes: a systematic literature review resulting in 228 suspected cases.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- The therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Advancements in the Understanding of the Genetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- "It Doesn't Matter Where OCD Comes From," or Does It?Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- The potential role of kynurenine pathway and inflammation in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without major depressive disorder comorbidity.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- An emerging theoretical lens post global epidemic and turmoil: Psychological immunity.Dialogues in health · 2026Review
- Differential Ceramide Metabolism in Autogenous and Reactive Obsessions: A Biomarker Perspective in OCD.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Comparing the Metabolic Profile of Patients Affected by Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome PANS and Tourette Syndrome: Preliminary Data.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Recommended Medical Investigations in Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Ultrarare Variants in DNA Damage Repair and Mitochondrial Genes in Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome and Acute Behavioral Regression in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.Developmental neuroscience · 2026Article
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Review
- Immune dysregulation in pediatric tic disorders: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic frontiers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A Case Series of Young People Receiving Adjunctive Immunotherapy for Neuroimmune-Mediated Major Mood or Psychotic Syndromes.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- Synbiotic laden with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, fructooligosaccharides, and galactooligosaccharides mitigates quinpirole-induced OCD-like symptoms in rats.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders manifesting with psychosis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Biological, Psychosocial, and Microbial Determinants of Childhood-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Immune/Inflammatory Underpinnings of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- NDD-ECHO: A standardised digital assessment tool to capture early life environmental and inflammatory factors for children with neurodevelopmental disorders.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- [Update on obsessive-compulsive and related disorders].Der Nervenarzt · 2025Article
- The relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and NLRP3 inflammasome.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly disabling mental illness that can be divided into frequent primary and rarer organic secondary forms. Its association with secondary autoimmune triggers was introduced through the discovery of Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal infection (PANDAS) and Pediatric Acute onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). Autoimmune encephalitis and systemic autoimmune diseases or other autoimmune brain diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, have also been reported to sometimes present with obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS). Subgroups of patients with OCD show elevated proinflammatory cytokines and autoantibodies against targets that include the basal ganglia. In this conceptual review paper, the clinical manifestations, pathophysiological considerations, diagnostic investigations, and treatment approaches of immune-related secondary OCD are summarized. The novel concept of "autoimmune OCD" is proposed for a small subgroup of OCD patients, and clinical signs based on the PANDAS/PANS criteria and from recent experience with autoimmune encephalitis and autoimmune psychosis are suggested. Red flag signs for "autoimmune OCD" could include (sub)acute onset, unusual age of onset, atypical presentation of OCS with neuropsychiatric features (e.g., disproportionate cognitive deficits) or accompanying neurological symptoms (e.g., movement disorders), autonomic dysfunction, treatment resistance, associations of symptom onset with infections such as group A streptococcus, comorbid autoimmune diseases or malignancies. Clinical investigations may also reveal alterations such as increased levels of anti-basal ganglia or dopamine receptor antibodies or inflammatory changes in the basal ganglia in neuroimaging. Based on these red flag signs, the criteria for a possible, probable, and definite autoimmune OCD subtype are proposed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.