ReviewBiomedicines2021
The Cardiovascular System in Space: Focus on In Vivo and In Vitro Studies.
Review in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed.
- Artificial gravity during prolonged bed rest preserves resting metabolic rate but not muscle function: Evidence from the BRACE study.The Journal of physiology · 2026Trial
- Personalization and Fortification of In-Space Manufactured Emulsified Beverages for Long-Term Space Travel.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- Simulated microgravity induces a NOX-sensitive oxidative response that is attenuated by resveratrol in human endothelial cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The effect of spaceflight and simulated microgravity exposure on thermoregulation in humans: a systematic review.NPJ microgravity · 2026Article
- From Earth to orbit: cardiovascular innovation diffusion to space medicine - an updated review incorporating a novel predictive modeling framework.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Space radiation health risks to hematopoietic, neural, and gastrointestinal systems in astronauts.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Space Physiology and Technology: Adaptations, Countermeasures, and Opportunities for Wearable Systems.Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Review of microgravity's impact on cardiovascular and nervous systems in space exploration.NPJ microgravity · 2025Review
- Review
- Adverse Outcome Pathways Applied to Space Radiation Research.Environmental and molecular mutagenesis · 2025Review
- The Heart in Space: Effects of Microgravity on Different Cell Types and Their Functions in the Cardiovascular System.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- The Effects of Microgravity on the Structure and Function of Cardiomyocytes.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Simulated Microgravity Attenuates Stretch Sensitivity of Mechanically Gated Channels in Rat Ventricular Myocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic Changes in Mouse Lung Tissue after a Long-Term Space Flight.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2025Article
- The role of mechanosignaling in the control of myocardial mass.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Review
- Gene Expression Profile of Gm20594 and Hapln1 in Mouse Cardiac Muscle Exposed to Microgravity and Space-like Chronic Low-Dose Radiation.microPublication biology · 2025Article
- Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses identify the TLR2-CXCR4 axis as a regulator of endothelial cell migration under simulated microgravity.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Cellular response in three-dimensional spheroids and tissues exposed to real and simulated microgravity: a narrative review.NPJ microgravity · 2024Review
- Computational modelling of cardiovascular pathophysiology to risk stratify commercial spaceflight.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
On Earth, humans are subjected to a gravitational force that has been an important determinant in human evolution and function. During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to several hazards including a prolonged state of microgravity that induces a myriad of physiological adaptations leading to orthostatic intolerance. This review summarises all known cardiovascular diseases related to human spaceflight and focusses on the cardiovascular changes related to human spaceflight (in vivo) as well as cellular and molecular changes (in vitro). Upon entering microgravity, cephalad fluid shift occurs and increases the stroke volume (35-46%) and cardiac output (18-41%). Despite this increase, astronauts enter a state of hypovolemia (10-15% decrease in blood volume). The absence of orthostatic pressure and a decrease in arterial pressures reduces the workload of the heart and is believed to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiac atrophy in space. Cellular and molecular changes include altered cell shape and endothelial dysfunction through suppressed cellular proliferation as well as increased cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Human spaceflight is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors. Through the use of microgravity platforms, multiple physiological changes can be studied and stimulate the development of appropriate tools and countermeasures for future human spaceflight missions in low Earth orbit and beyond.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.