ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2021
The Activated Macrophage - A Tough Fortress for Virus Invasion: How Viruses Strike Back.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regulation of antiviral and antitumor immunity by theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Effects on Respiratory and Neurological Systems: Morphological Findings and Gene Expression in K18-hACE2 Mice Model.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Safer non-viral DNA delivery using lipid nanoparticles loaded with endogenous anti-inflammatory lipids.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Review
- High doses of the galactooligosaccharides, 2'-fucosyllactose alleviate immunodeficiency in vitro and in vivo.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutics: From mechanistic insights to clinical translation.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Protein swarm-based cause-effect analysis: effects of microRNAs on cooperation networks linking COVID-19 infections, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Specific inflammatory stimuli that engage innate immune sensors induce novel CD103 expression profiles in macrophages.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- The Generation of Genetically Engineered Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Overexpressing IFN-β for Future Experimental and Clinically Oriented Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Classical swine fever: Unveiling the complexity through a multifaceted approach.Open veterinary journal · 2024Review
- Oncolytic virus and tumor-associated macrophage interactions in cancer immunotherapy.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2024Review
- Differential Contributions of Interferon Classes to Host Inflammatory Responses and Restricting Virus Progeny Production.Journal of proteome research · 2024Article
- Enabling non-viral DNA delivery using lipid nanoparticles co-loaded with endogenous anti-inflammatory lipids.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- HSV1-induced enhancement of productive HIV-1 replication is associated with interferon pathway downregulation in human macrophages.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2024Article
- Human Metapneumovirus-Induced Host microRNA Expression Impairs the Interferon Response in Macrophages and Epithelial Cells.Viruses · 2023Article
- M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps - myth or reality?Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2023Article
- Concomitant medication of cetirizine in advanced melanoma could enhance anti-PD-1 efficacy by promoting M1 macrophages polarization.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Article
- The mannose receptor ligands and the macrophage glycome.Current opinion in structural biology · 2022Review
- Antiviral effects of Atractyloside A on the influenza B virus (Victoria strain) infection.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφ) are innate immune cells with a variety of functional phenotypes depending on the cytokine microenvironment they reside in. Mφ exhibit distinct activation patterns that are found within a wide array of activation states ranging from the originally discovered classical pro-inflammatory (M1) to the anti-inflammatory (M2) with their multi-facades. M1 cells are induced by IFNγ + LPS, while M2 are further subdivided into M2a (IL-4), M2b (Immune Complex) and M2c (IL-10) based on their inducing stimuli. Not surprisingly, Mφ activation influences the outcome of viral infections as they produce cytokines that in turn activate cells of the adaptive immune system. Generally, activated M1 cells tend to restrict viral replication, however, influenza and HIV exploit inflammation to support their replication. Moreover, M2a polarization inhibits HIV replication at the post-integration level, while HCMV encoded hrIL-10 suppresses inflammatory reactions by facilitating M2c formation. Additionally, viruses such as LCMV and Lassa Virus directly suppress Mφ activation leading to viral chronicity. Here we review how Mφ activation affects viral infection and the strategies by which viruses manipulate Mφ polarization to benefit their own fitness. An understanding of these mechanisms is important for the development of novel immunotherapies that can sway Mφ phenotype to inhibit viral replication.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.