ArticlePloS one2022
Similarities between bacterial GAD and human GAD65: Implications in gut mediated autoimmune type 1 diabetes.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic Insights Into Inflammatory Bowel Disease in United States Hispanic Participants: An Ancestry-Focused Study.Gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Targeting GABA signaling in type 1 diabetes and its complications- an update on the state of the art.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Review
- Linking epigenetic mechanisms of T cell dysfunction with pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Navigating the Complexity of Stiff Person Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review.Cureus · 2024Article
- Unravelling the Role of Gut and Oral Microbiota in the Pediatric Population with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The role of GABA in type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Probiotic for Pancreatic β-Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Article
- Two putative glutamate decarboxylases of Streptococcus pneumoniae as possible antigens for the production of anti-GAD65 antibodies leading to type 1 diabetes mellitus.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2023Article
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus prevention.Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2023Article
- Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes and Gut Microbiota Role.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The Role of Nutritional Factors in the Modulation of the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in People with Autoimmune Diabetes.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes-Old Disease and New Data.Biology · 2022Review
- Environmental Triggering of Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A variety of islet autoantibodies (AAbs) can predict and possibly dictate eventual type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis. Upwards of 75% of those with T1D are positive for AAbs against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 or GAD), a producer of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in human pancreatic beta cells. Interestingly, bacterial populations within the human gut also express GAD and produce GABA. Evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the microbiome may correlate with T1D pathogenesis and physiology. Therefore, autoimmune linkages between the gut microbiome and islets susceptible to autoimmune attack need to be further elucidated. Utilizing in silico analyses, we show that 25 GAD sequences from human gut bacterial sources show sequence and motif similarities to human beta cell GAD65. Our motif analyses determined that most gut GAD sequences contain the pyroxical dependent decarboxylase (PDD) domain of human GAD65, which is important for its enzymatic activity. Additionally, we showed overlap with known human GAD65 T cell receptor epitopes, which may implicate the immune destruction of beta cells. Thus, we propose a physiological hypothesis in which changes in the gut microbiome in those with T1D result in a release of bacterial GAD, thus causing miseducation of the host immune system. Due to the notable similarities we found between human and bacterial GAD, these deputized immune cells may then target human beta cells leading to the development of T1D.
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