ArticleFrontiers in medicine2021
SP-D and CC-16 Pneumoproteins' Kinetics and Their Predictive Role During SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Update prognostic potency of surfactant protein D (SP-D) in the COVID-19 landscape: an In-depth meta-analytical exploration.Biomarkers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- The Effects of High- and Moderate-Intensity Exercise on Epithelial Integrity Markers and Inflammatory Responses in Healthy Young Men.European journal of sport science · 2026Trial
- [Lung-protective effect of esketamine combined with distal limb ischemic preconditioning in elderly patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical surgery for lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial in 160 cases].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2024Trial
- From respiratory infections to environmental exposures: CC16 is a key modulator of airway homeostasis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Observational
- Surfactant Protein D and Club Cell Secretory Protein as Biomarkers of Disease Severity and Fostamatinib Efficacy in Severe COVID-19.Critical care explorations · 2025Article
- Nomogram model using serum Club cell secretory protein 16 to predict prognosis and acute exacerbation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Clara cell 16 kDa protein: an important marker for COVID-19 severity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Effect of blood purification combined with antibiotics on CC-16 and SP-D levels and prognosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- A narrative review on lung injury: mechanisms, biomarkers, and monitoring.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Review
- Club Cell Secretory Protein-16 (CC16) as a Prognostic Biomarker for COVID-19 and H1N1 Viral Infections.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The multiple facets of the club cell in the pulmonary epithelium.Histology and histopathology · 2024Review
- Cardiopulmonary Complications after Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Could SP-A and SP-D Serum Levels Predict COVID-19 Severity?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Effects of lifestyle and associated diseases on serum CC16 suggest complex interactions among metabolism, heart and lungs.Journal of advanced research · 2024Article
- Advances in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Treatment of ARDS.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Molecular Impact of Conventional and Electronic Cigarettes on Pulmonary Surfactant.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Club Cell Secretory Protein in Lung Disease: Emerging Concepts and Potential Therapeutics.Annual review of medicine · 2023Review
- Brief Research Report: Serum clara cell 16 kDa protein levels are increased in patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 or sepsis infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSurfactant protein D (SP-D) and pulmonary club cell protein 16 (CC-16) are called "pneumoproteins" and are involved in host defense against oxidative stress, inflammation, and viral outbreak. This study aimed to determine the predictive value of these pneumoproteins on the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or death in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).
methodsThis retrospective study included 87 patients admitted to an emergency department. Blood samples were collected on three time points (days 1, 5, and 14 from hospital admission). SP-D and CC-16 serum levels were determined, and univariate and multivariate analyses considering confounding variables (age, body mass index, tobacco use, dyspnea, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) were performed.
resultsBased on the multivariate analysis, SP-D level on D1 was positively and slightly correlated with subsequent development of ARDS, independent of body mass index, dyspnea, and diabetes mellitus. CC-16 level on D1 was modestly and positively correlated with fatal outcome. A rise in SP-D between D1 and D5 and D1 and D14 had a strong negative association with incidence of ARDS. These associations were independent of tobacco use and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.
conclusionsOverall, our data reveal that increase in SP-D levels is a good prognostic factor for patients with COVID-19, and that initial CC-16 levels correlated with slightly higher risk of death. SP-D and CC-16 may prove useful to predict outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.