ReviewAntibodies (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Antibodies against Platelet Factor 4 and Their Associated Pathologies: From HIT/HITT to Spontaneous HIT-Like Syndrome, to COVID-19, to VITT/TTS.
Review in Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fulminant Thromboinflammatory Syndrome Following an Influenza-like Illness in an Adolescent: Clinical Insights from a Case Report.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Temporal Proteomic Profiling of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Reveals Prognostic Biomarkers.Journal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Heparin Anticoagulant Therapy and Its Monitoring.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT)-like Syndrome: A Case Report and Some Considerations on a Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The hidden threat: understanding anti-PF4 disorders without proximate heparin exposure.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Platelet Membrane Receptors and Signalling Pathways.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2026Review
- Postoperative Thrombocytopenia in Cardiac Surgery: Patterns, Differential Diagnosis and Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT).Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Thromboembolic Events in the Era of COVID-19: A Detailed Narrative Review.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Review
- Postoperative Thrombocytopenia after Revision Arthroplasty: Features, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- GDF-15 Levels and Other Laboratory Findings as Predictors of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: A Pilot Study.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Article
- Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Different Types of Vasculitis Complicated by Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia-Analysis of Four Cases and Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Laboratory Testing for Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Antibodies: A Narrative Review.Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis · 2023Review
- To Clot or Not to Clot: Is That the Question?Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Heparin-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (HITT) and Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT): Similar but Different.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- A machine-learning model for reducing misdiagnosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A prospective, multicenter, observational study.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Autoimmune Diseases Affecting Hemostasis: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Molecular Pathogenesis of Endotheliopathy and Endotheliopathic Syndromes, Leading to Inflammation and Microthrombosis, and Various Hemostatic Clinical Phenotypes Based on "Two-Activation Theory of the Endothelium" and "Two-Path Unifying Theory" of Hemostasis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Thrombosis after SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination: will a nonpathologic anti-PF4 antibody be a solution?-A narrative review.Journal of bio-X research · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), a protein released from alpha-granules of activated platelets, may cause a number of pathophysiological conditions. The most commonly known is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which develops in a small proportion of people treated with the anticoagulant drug heparin. Notably, PF4 binds with high affinity to heparin, and in HIT, complexes of PF4/H may, in a small proportion of susceptible patients, trigger the development of anti-PF4 antibodies and subsequent platelet activation and aggregation, ultimately leading to the development of pathological thrombosis at sites of vessel occlusion. Of more modern interest, antibodies against PF4 may also arise in patients with COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) or in patients who have been vaccinated against COVID-19, especially in recipients of adenovirus-based vaccines. For this latter group of patients, the terms VITT (vaccine-induced [immune] thrombotic thrombocytopenia) and TTS (thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome) have been coined. Another category associated with this pathophysiology comprises those in whom a precipitating event is not clear; this category is referred to as 'spontaneous HIT-like syndrome'. Despite its name, it arises as an HIT-mimicking disorder but without antecedent heparin exposure. In this narrative review, we describe the development of antibodies against PF4, and associated pathophysiology, in such conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.