ReviewNutrients2022
How Do We Assess Energy Availability and RED-S Risk Factors in Para Athletes?
Review in Nutrients, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Energy Availability and Nutritional Intake during Different Training Phases of Wheelchair Athletes.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- A Comparative Study of Paralympic Veterans with Either a Spinal Cord Injury or an Amputation: Implications for Personalized Nutritional Advice.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- High prevalence of subclinical energy availability and poor diet quality among paralympic basketball athletes.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Tailored nutrition strategies for Paralympic athletes: addressing unique energy, nutrients, and hydration needs to enhance performance and health.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Periodic health evaluation in Para athletes: a position statement based on expert consensus.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2024Article
- Body dissatisfaction, disordered eating and exercise behaviours: associations with symptoms of REDs in male and female athletes.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2023Article
- The Role of Diets and Dietitians for Para-Athletes: A Pilot Study Based on Interviews.Nutrients · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Low energy availability (LEA) is considered to be the underlying cause of a number of maladaptations in athletes, including impaired physiological function, low bone mineral density (BMD), and hormonal dysfunction. This is collectively referred to as 'Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport' (RED-S). LEA is calculated through assessment of dietary energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and fat-free mass (FFM). The incidence of LEA in Paralympic athletes is relatively unknown; however, there are legitimate concerns that Para athletes may be at even higher risk of LEA than able-bodied athletes. Unfortunately, there are numerous issues with the application of LEA assessment tools and the criterion for diagnosis within the context of a Para population. The calculation of EEE, in particular, is limited by a distinct lack of published data that cover a range of impairments and activities. In addition, for several RED-S-related factors, it is difficult to distinguish whether they are truly related to LEA or a consequence of the athlete's impairment and medical history. This narrative review outlines deficits and complexities when assessing RED-S and LEA in Para athletes, presents the information that we do have, and provides suggestions for future progress in this important area of sports nutrition.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.