ArticleScientific reports2022
In vitro assessment of skin sensitization, irritability and toxicity of bacteriocins and reuterin for possible topical applications.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reuterin Enhances the Efficacy of Peracetic Acid Against Multi-species Dairy Biofilm.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- Assessing the sensitisation hazard of microbial pesticides: potential value of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) to overcome current challenges.Archives of toxicology · 2025Review
- Stability and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Reuterin and Bacteriocins (Microcin J25, Nisin Z, and Pediocin PA-1) in Chitosan- and Carboxymethyl-Cellulose-Based Hydrogels.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Epigallocatechin Gallate inPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Senescence Rejuvenation through Reduction in Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation byAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Bacteriocins: potentials and prospects in health and agrifood systems.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- Resistance to the Bacteriocin Lcn972 Deciphered by Genome Sequencing.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Bioengineering of a Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain enhances nisin production and bioactivity.PloS one · 2023Article
- Article
- Application of the Reuterin System as Food Preservative or Health-Promoting Agent: A Critical Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacteriocins and reuterin are promising antimicrobials for application in food, veterinary, and medical sectors. In the light of their high potential for application in hand sanitizer, we investigated the skin toxicity of reuterin, microcin J25, pediocin PA-1, bactofencin A, and nisin Z in vitro using neutral red and LDH release assays on NHEK cells. We determined their skin sensitization potential using the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). Their skin irritation potential was measured on human epidermal model EpiDerm™. We showed that the viability and membrane integrity of NHEK cells remained unaltered after exposure to bacteriocins and reuterin at concentrations up to 400 µg/mL and 80 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, microcin J25 and reuterin showed no skin sensitization at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL and 40 mg/mL, respectively, while pediocin PA-1, bactofencin A, and nisin Z caused sensitization at concentrations higher than 100 µg/mL. Tissue viability was unaffected in presence of bacteriocins and reuterin at concentrations up to 200 µg/mL and 40 mg/mL, respectively, which was confirmed by measuring cytokine IL-1α and IL-8 levels and by histological analysis. In conclusion, the current study provides scientific evidence that some bacteriocins and reuterin, could be safely applied topically as sanitizers at recommended concentrations.
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