ArticlePlacenta2022
Sex-specific placental gene expression signatures of small for gestational age at birth.
Article in Placenta, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00912132 (The National Standard for Normal Fetal Growth), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The National Standard for Normal Fetal Growth
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension: a Bayesian meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2025Pooled it
- Prenatal social support in low-risk pregnancy shapes placental epigenome.BMC medicine · 2023Trial
- Association of prenatal glycemic marker cumulative exposure with placental DNA methylation change.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- High folic acid supplementation is associated with vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy in a fetal sex-specific manner: findings from two prospective cohort studies.Reproductive health · 2026Article
- Altered Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress During Pregnancy: Impact on the Fetus and Risk of Metabolic Disorders in Adulthood.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Placental dysfunction drives fetal growth restriction: mechanisms and translational perspectives.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Sex-differentiated placental methylation and gene expression regulation has implications for neonatal traits and adult diseases.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Sex dimorphic associations of Prader-Willi imprinted gene expressions in umbilical cord with prenatal and postnatal growth in healthy infants.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2025Article
- Integrated proteomic and transcriptomic landscape of human placenta in small for gestational age infants.iScience · 2024Article
- Epigenetic Responses to Nonchemical Stressors: Potential Molecular Links to Perinatal Health Outcomes.Current environmental health reports · 2024Review
- Placental accelerated aging in antenatal depression.American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM · 2024Article
- Fetal growth at term and placental oxidative stress in a tissue micro-array model: a histological and immunohistochemistry study.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionSmall for gestational age at birth (SGA), often a consequence of placental dysfunction, is a risk factor for neonatal morbidity and later life cardiometabolic diseases. There are sex differences in placental gene expression and fetal growth. Here, we investigated sex-specific associations between gene expression in human placenta measured using RNA sequencing and SGA status using data from ethnic diverse pregnant women in the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies cohort (n = 74).
methodsGene expression measures were obtained using RNA-Sequencing and differential gene expression between SGA (birthweight <10th percentile) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA: ≥10th and <90th percentile) was tested separately in males (12 SGA and 27 AGA) and females (9 SGA and 26 AGA) using a weighted mean of log ratios method with adjustment for mode of delivery and ethnicity.
resultsAt 5% false discovery rate (FDR), we identified 40 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to SGA status among males (95% up- and 5% down-regulated) and 314 DEGs among females (32.5% up- and 67.5% down-regulated). Seven female-specific DEGs overlapped with known imprinted genes (AXL, CYP24A1, GPR1, PLAGL1, CMTM1, DLX5, LY6D). The DEGs in males were significantly enriched for immune response and inflammation signaling pathways whereas the DEGs in females were enriched for organ development signaling pathways (FDR<0.05). Sex-combined analysis identified no additional DEGs, rather 98% of the sex-specific DEGs were no longer significant and the remaining 2% were attenuated. DISCUSSION: This study revealed sex-specific human placental gene expression changes and molecular pathways associated with SGA and underscored that unravelling the pathogenesis of SGA warrants consideration of fetal sex as a biological variable.
trial registrationhttps://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov, Unique identifier: NCT00912132.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.