Roles of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis in Arteriovenous Fistula.

Renal failure is a worldwide disease with a continuously increasing prevalence and involving a rising need for long-term treatment, mainly by haemodialysis. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the favourite type of vascular access for haemodialysis; however, the lasting success of this therapy depends on its maturation, which is directly influenced by many concomitant processes such as vein wall thickening or inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive AVF maturation and failure can highlight new or combinatorial drugs for more personalized therapy. In this review we analysed the relevance of critical enzymes such as PI3K, AKT and mTOR in processes such as wall thickening remodelling, immune system activation and inflammation reduction. We focused on these enzymes due to their involvement in the modulation of numerous cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation and motility, and their impairment is related to many diseases such as cancer, metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, these enzymes are highly druggable targets, with several inhibitors already being used in patient treatment for cancer and with encouraging results for AVF. Finally, we delineate how these enzymes may be targeted to control specific aspects of AVF in an effort to propose a more specialized therapy with fewer side effects.