ArticleBiomolecules2022
Circulating Levels of PD-L1, TIM-3 and MMP-7 Are Promising Biomarkers to Differentiate COVID-19 Patients That Require Invasive Mechanical Ventilation.
Article in Biomolecules, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Insight to Neglected Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Narrative Review".Biomarker insights · 2026Review
- Post-booster longitudinal plasma proteomic changes following BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination in Qatar.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Proteomic Analyses in COVID-19-Associated Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.Critical care explorations · 2025Observational
- Unlocking the Potential of RNA Sequencing in COVID-19: Toward Accurate Diagnosis and Personalized Medicine.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Utility of Protein Markers in COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Matrix metalloproteinase-7 is dispensable in a mouse model of sepsis-induced acute lung injury.PloS one · 2025Article
- TIM3 in COVID-19; A potential hallmark?Heliyon · 2024Review
- Precision disease management: prognostic biomarker for chronic lung damage in long COVID.ERJ open research · 2024Article
- PD-L1 and PD-1 Are Associated with Clinical Outcomes and Alveolar Immune Cell Activation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2024Article
- Identification of biomarkers for COVID-19 associated secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Different Prognostic Role of Soluble PD-L1 in the Course of Severe and Non-Severe COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Regulation of PD-L1 Expression by Nuclear Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Molecular Pathogenesis of Fibrosis, Thrombosis and Surfactant Dysfunction in the Lungs of Severe COVID-19 Patients.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Cytokine Patterns in COVID-19 Patients: Which Cytokines Predict Mortality and Which Protect Against?Current issues in molecular biology · 2022Article
- Metalloprotease-Dependent S2'-Activation Promotes Cell-Cell Fusion and Syncytiation of SARS-CoV-2.Viruses · 2022Article
- Using Precision Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Viral Pneumonia.Advances in therapy · 2022Review
- Differential Immune Checkpoint and Ig-like V-Type Receptor Profiles in COVID-19: Associations with Severity and Treatment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Matrix Metalloproteinases in Health and Disease in the Times of COVID-19.Biomolecules · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many COVID-19 patients require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) while others, even with acute respiratory failure, do not (NIMV). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum levels of MMP-7 and molecules related to exhausted T-cells as potential biomarkers to differentiate between IMV and NIMV patients. Methods: 105 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and confirmed by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 were divided into two groups according to the requirement for IMV. Serum levels of sPD-L1, sPD-L2, sTIM-3, sGal-9 and sMMP-7 were quantified by ELISA and correlated with clinical data. Twelve patients were followed up after eight months to compare the levels of the biomarkers between acute disease and post-COVID-19. Results: IMV patients experienced a lower PaO2/FiO2 (p < 0.0001) and a longer hospital stay (p < 0.0001), and exhibited higher levels of sPD-L1 (p < 0.05), sTIM-3 (p < 0.01) and sMMP-7 (p < 0.0001) when compared with NIMV patients. According to a ROC analysis, sMMP-7 had the highest sensitivity (78%) and specificity (76%) with a cut point of 4.5 ng/mL, followed by sTIM-3 and sPD-L1. Eight months post-COVID-19, IMV patients displayed a significant decrease in the initially high levels of sPD-L1, sTIM-3 and sGal-9, while sPD-L2 was increased, and sMMP-7 was unchanged. Conclusion: Circulating levels of sPD-L1, sTIM-3 and sMMP-7 are potential biomarkers of disease severity to distinguish patients requiring IMV. MMP-7 could also be a marker for the persistence of lung lesions post-COVID-19.
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Registered trials
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