ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Evolving Role of Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis in People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- The relationship of immune cells with autism spectrum disorder: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Probiotic Supplementation as Strategies to Modulate Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- A Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial of Prebiotic Supplementation in Children with Autism: Effects on Parental Quality of Life, Child Behaviour, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and the Microbiome.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Trial
- Autism and Dementia: A Summative Report from the 2nd International Summit on Intellectual Disabilities and Dementia.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Review
- Peripheral blood DNA methylation partially reports on immune cell type composition in the frontal brain.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proteomic profiling reveals cytoskeletal- and chromatin-associated protein signatures in autism spectrum disorder.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- The WNT/β-catenin Pathway and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Possible Connection.Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions · 2026Review
- Peripheral Blood Treg/Th17 Imbalance and Altered Th2 Cytokine Profiles in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- The Immune System and the Plural Autisms: A Narrative Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Otological conditions and autism spectrum disorder in Medicaid beneficiaries aged 1 to 20 years: a cross-sectional study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder with Immune Dysregulation: A Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Arm Study.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Converging neurotrophic-immune signaling in autism spectrum disorder: integrative roles of klotho, GDNF/GFRA-1, IGF-1 and GLP-1 pathways.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic analysis in autism spectrum disorder suggests three molecular subtypes with distinct phenotypic profiles and functional pathways.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Salivary Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α changes following total oral rehabilitation in children with mild intellectual disability: a prospective interventional study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Role of IL-6 gene polymorphisms in children with autism spectrum disorders.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Shared genetic architecture between autism spectrum disorder, loneliness, and social isolation reveals novel genetic loci.Psychiatric genetics · 2026Article
- Article
- Pro-inflammatory Immune Dysregulation and Genetic Susceptibility in Iraqi Children with Autism: a Tetra-Primer ARMS-PCR Investigation of Interleukin Polymorphisms.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- Gut-Brain Inflammation and Disrupted Homeostasis Due to Activation of Mast Cells and Microglia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide and variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including deficits in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. The immune hypothesis is considered to be a major factor contributing to autism pathogenesis, as well as a way to explain the differences of the clinical phenotypes and comorbidities influencing disease course and severity. Evidence highlights a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits in autism from several types of evidence found in both cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood and their utility to identify autistic subgroups with specific immunophenotypes; underlying behavioral symptoms are also shown. This review summarizes current insights into immune dysfunction in ASD, with particular reference to the impact of immunological factors related to the maternal influence of autism development; comorbidities influencing autism disease course and severity; and others factors with particular relevance, including obesity. Finally, we described main elements of similarities between immunopathology overlapping neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, taking as examples autism and Parkinson Disease, respectively.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.