ReviewViruses2022
Immunoregulatory Intestinal Microbiota and COVID-19 in Patients with Type Two Diabetes: A Double-Edged Sword.
Review in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of interferon alpha for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Do patients with and survivors of COVID-19 benefit from telerehabilitation? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- The Gut Microbiota-Metabolic Axis: Emerging Insights from Human and Experimental Studies on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Reactivation of Latent Tuberculosis Following COVID-19 and Epstein-Barr Virus Coinfection: A Case Report.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of C-Reactive protein levels among Non-comorbid, Comorbid, and Multimorbid Hospitalized COVID-19 patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- mRNA vaccine platforms: linking infectious disease prevention and cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Understanding the interplay between COVID-19 and diabetes: insights for the post-pandemic era.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Sex-dependent modulation of acute respiratory distress syndrome byFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Review
- Large-scale genetic correlation studies explore the causal relationship and potential mechanism between gut microbiota and COVID-19-associated risks.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Diabetes and Osteoarthritis: Exploring the Interactions and Therapeutic Implications of Insulin, Metformin, and GLP-1-Based Interventions.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- A Dual Pharmacological Strategy against COVID-19: The Therapeutic Potential of Metformin and Atorvastatin.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Metformin Alters mRNA Expression ofViruses · 2024Article
- Exploring Paxlovid Efficacy in COVID-19 Patients with MAFLD: Insights from a Single-Center Prospective Cohort Study.Viruses · 2024Article
- Genomic insight into COVID-19 severity in MAFLD patients: a single-center prospective cohort study.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- Genetic Predictors of Comorbid Course of COVID-19 and MAFLD: A Comprehensive Analysis.Viruses · 2023Review
- The F/B ratio as a biomarker for inflammation in COVID-19 and T2D: Impact of metformin.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2023Article
- Metformin Therapy Changes Gut Microbiota Alpha-Diversity in COVID-19 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Antibiotic Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Intersection of COVID-19 and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: An Overview of the Current Evidence.Viruses · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19, is a major challenge facing scientists worldwide. Alongside the lungs, the system of organs comprising the GI tract is commonly targeted by COVID-19. The dysbiotic modulations in the intestine influence the disease severity, potentially due to the ability of the intestinal microbiota to modulate T lymphocyte functions, i.e., to suppress or activate T cell subpopulations. The interplay between the lungs and intestinal microbiota is named the gut-lung axis. One of the most usual comorbidities in COVID-19 patients is type 2 diabetes, which induces changes in intestinal microbiota, resulting in a pro-inflammatory immune response, and consequently, a more severe course of COVID-19. However, changes in the microbiota in this comorbid pathology remain unclear. Metformin is used as a medication to treat type 2 diabetes. The use of the type 2 diabetes drug metformin is a promising treatment for this comorbidity because, in addition to its hypoglycemic action, it can increase amount of intestinal bacteria that induce regulatory T cell response. This dual activity of metformin can reduce lung damage and improve the course of the COVID-19 disease.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.