Trial reportThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2022
Cardiovascular Benefits of Empagliflozin Are Associated With Gut Microbiota and Plasma Metabolites in Type 2 Diabetes.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 67 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Gut-Heart Axis: Effects of Intestinal Microbiome Modulation on Cardiovascular Disease-Ready for Therapeutic Interventions?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Interactions between Gut Microbiota and Oral Antihyperglycemic Drugs: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- The Effects of Cardioprotective Antidiabetic Therapy on Microbiota in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of gut microbiota in diabetic kidney disease: Comparisons with diabetes mellitus, non-diabetic kidney disease, and healthy individuals.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of beinaglutide combined with metformin versus aspart 30 with metformin on metabolic profiles and antidrug antibodies in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Trial
- Microbes and medicines: interrelationships between pharmaceuticals and the gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Tofogliflozin alters amino acid metabolism in gut microbiota linked to hepatic transcriptomic signatures in MASLD.Journal of gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Treating Hyperuricemia: Natural Products as Interventions.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Targeted Therapies.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Pharmacomicrobiomics of Non-Antibiotic Drugs: Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences of Gut Microbiota Alterations.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Comparative Effectiveness of Individual Sodium Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes With Moderate Cardiovascular Risk: Emulation of a Target Trial.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Microbiome-Associated Drug Response Variability in Heart Failure Treatment.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Targeting the Gut-Heart Axis in Diabetic Heart Failure: Microbiota and SGLT2is as Converging Therapeutic Frontiers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Modulation of the gut-heart axis by exercise in diabetic cardiomyopathy: Microbial mechanisms and clinical implications.iScience · 2026Review
- The Heart-Gut Axis in Heart Failure: The Role of Next-Generation Pharmacological Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Mechanistic Links Between the Gut Microbiome and Longevity Therapeutics.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Fecal microbiome predicts treatment response after the initiation of semaglutide or empagliflozin uptake.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Gut-Kidney Axis: Unraveling the Role of the Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetic HFpEF: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Review
- Harnessing the gut microbiome for precision therapeutics in heart failure.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
20 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextCardiovascular benefits of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been reported; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown.
objectiveWe hypothesized that the cardiovascular benefits of empagliflozin are associated with altered gut microbiota and plasma metabolites, and that empagliflozin may be used as an initial treatment for patients with T2DM at risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
methodsThis randomized, open-label, 3-month, 2-arm clinical trial included 76 treatment-naïve patients with T2DM and risk factors for CVD who were treated with either empagliflozin (10 mg/d, n = 40) or metformin (1700 mg/d, n = 36). We investigated changes in clinical parameters related to glucose metabolism and CVD risk factors, gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and plasma metabolites using LC-MS.
resultsWe found significant and similar reduction in HbA1c levels and alleviation of glucose metabolism in both groups. However, only empagliflozin improved CVD risk factors. Empagliflozin significantly reshaped the gut microbiota after 1 month of treatment; this alteration was maintained until the end of the trial. Empagliflozin increased the levels of plasma metabolites such as sphingomyelin, but reduced glycochenodeoxycholate, cis-aconitate, and uric acid levels. Concurrently, empagliflozin elevated levels of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria such as species from Roseburia, Eubacterium, and Faecalibacterium, and reduced those of several harmful bacteria including Escherichia-Shigella, Bilophila, and Hungatella.
conclusionEmpagliflozin may be a superior initial therapy for patients with T2DM at risk of CVDs; its cardiovascular benefits may be associated with shifts in gut microbiota and plasma metabolites.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.