ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Persistent Overactive Cytotoxic Immune Response in a Spanish Cohort of Individuals With Long-COVID: Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Expression levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgG, and neutralizing antibodies in a Chinese cohort and detection of peptide-specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Immune Dysregulation and Persistent Symptoms: Insights into T Cell Dynamics in Post-COVID among Athletes from the CoSmo-S Study.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Long COVID: Deep single-cell immunophenotyping and machine learning reveal a general signature for fatigue.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Pediatric long COVID is characterized by myeloid CCR6 suppression and immune dysregulation.JCI insight · 2026Article
- The association between Post-COVID syndrome and self-stigma among the adult Israeli population during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Long-term sex differences in symptoms and immune profile in long COVID.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- A perfect storm: the immunological and pathophysiological landscape of pediatric post-COVID-19 condition.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Comparable Immune Alterations and Inflammatory Signatures in ME/CFS and Long COVID.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Integrative multi-omics framework for causal gene discovery in Long COVID.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Immunophenotyping of bronchoalveolar lavage and functional impairment in post-COVID syndrome : Insights from a prospective cohort trial.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2025Observational
- Personalized risk score for post-COVID-19 condition: Bayesian directed acyclic graphic approach.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2025Article
- Immunological and Clinical Markers of Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19: Insights from Mild and Severe Cases 6 Months Post-infection.European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- Altered liver hemodynamics in patients with COVID-19: a cross sectional study.Journal of ultrasound · 2025Article
- Multi-layered deep immune profiling, SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and inflammation in unvaccinated COVID-19 individuals with persistent symptoms.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Identification of soluble biomarkers that associate with distinct manifestations of long COVID.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Persistence of dysfunctional immune response 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and their relationship with pulmonary sequelae and long COVID.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- The Effect of COVID-19 on Arterial Stiffness and Inflammation: A Longitudinal Prospective Study.Viruses · 2025Article
- Chronic inflammation in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 modulates gut microbiome: a review of literature on COVID-19 sequelae and gut dysbiosis.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Long-COVID is a new emerging syndrome worldwide that is characterized by the persistence of unresolved signs and symptoms of COVID-19 more than 4 weeks after the infection and even after more than 12 weeks. The underlying mechanisms for Long-COVID are still undefined, but a sustained inflammatory response caused by the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in organ and tissue sanctuaries or resemblance with an autoimmune disease are within the most considered hypotheses. In this study, we analyzed the usefulness of several demographic, clinical, and immunological parameters as diagnostic biomarkers of Long-COVID in one cohort of Spanish individuals who presented signs and symptoms of this syndrome after 49 weeks post-infection, in comparison with individuals who recovered completely in the first 12 weeks after the infection. We determined that individuals with Long-COVID showed significantly increased levels of functional memory cells with high antiviral cytotoxic activity such as CD8
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.