ReviewNutrients2022
Obesity and Leptin Resistance in the Regulation of the Type I Interferon Early Response and the Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19.
Review in Nutrients, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Organokines in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Cells · 2023Pooled it
- Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, particularly olive oil intake, and metabolic health parameters are independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced IgG responses.Metabolism open · 2026Article
- Hidden Hunger in Pediatric Obesity: Redefining Malnutrition Through Macronutrient Quality and Micronutrient Deficiency.Nutrients · 2025Review
- SOCS Proteins: Key Players in Immune Regulation During SARS-CoV-2 Infection.European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Associations between type III interferons, obesity and clinical severity of COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- The Role of Insulin Within the Socio-Psycho-Biological Framework in Type 2 Diabetes-A Perspective from Psychoneuroimmunology.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Adipokines in the Crosstalk between Adipose Tissues and Other Organs: Implications in Cardiometabolic Diseases.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Coinciding Pandemics of Obesity and COVID-19: Worse than Bad.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Functional Foods: A Promising Strategy for Restoring Gut Microbiota Diversity Impacted by SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe COVID-19 in Indian Scenario: A Single Center Retrospective Study.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 specific immune responses in overweight and obese COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Editorial: Long COVID-19: ultimate reasoning as a need for the search of proximate solutions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Review
- The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Serum Metabolic Correlates of the Antibody Response in Subjects Receiving the Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine.Vaccines · 2022Article
- COVID-19 diverse outcomes: Aggravated reinfection, type I interferons and antibodies.Medical hypotheses · 2022Article
- Reviving the mutual impact of SARS-COV-2 and obesity on patients: From morbidity to mortality.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Review
- What role for cellular metabolism in the control of hepatitis viruses?Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Obesity, and obesity-associated conditions such as hypertension, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, are important risk factors for severe Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The common denominator is metaflammation, a portmanteau of metabolism and inflammation, which is characterized by chronically elevated levels of leptin and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These induce the "Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 1 and 3" (SOCS1/3), which deactivates the leptin receptor and also other SOCS1/3 sensitive cytokine receptors in immune cells, impairing the type I and III interferon early responses. By also upregulating SOCS1/3, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 adds a significant boost to this. The ensuing consequence is a delayed but over-reactive immune response, characterized by high-grade inflammation (e.g., cytokine storm), endothelial damage, and hypercoagulation, thus leading to severe COVID-19. Superimposing an acute disturbance, such as a SARS-CoV-2 infection, on metaflammation severely tests resilience. In the long run, metaflammation causes the "typical western" conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. Severe COVID-19 and other serious infectious diseases can be added to the list of its short-term consequences. Therefore, preventive measures should include not only vaccination and the well-established actions intended to avoid infection, but also dietary and lifestyle interventions aimed at improving body composition and preventing or reversing metaflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.