ReviewCancers2022
Immunomodulatory Properties of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-More than Boosting T-Cell Responses?
Review in Cancers, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advancing Small-Molecule Immunotherapy Through Polymeric Micelle Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Stress-Related Immunomodulation of Canine Lymphocyte Responses and Hematologic Profiles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Ablation of cancer cell secreted neuropeptide PTHLH/PTHrP provokes anti-tumor immunity in murine tongue squamous cell carcinoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The MAD2L1-FOXM1 axis negatively regulates CD4⁺ T cell and macrophages infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Conjunctival reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation induced by camrelizumab in an esophageal cancer patient: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- From immune exclusion to exhaustion: tumor microenvironment drives therapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells in colorectal cancer: a synergistic immunosuppressive axis and emerging therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The role of regulatory T cells in infant HIV pathogenesis: therapeutic strategies.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Bioinformatics Screening of Tumor-Derived Neuropeptides Mediating Neuroimmune Axis of Head and Neck Cancer.Cancers · 2025Article
- Sonographic Signatures of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Musculoskeletal Adverse Events.Cancers · 2025Article
- Unmasking a Paradox: Roles of the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Neuroinflammation.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Review
- Cytokine-based immunotherapy for gastric cancer: targeting inflammation for tumor control.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2025Review
- Circadian rhythms and cancer: implications for timing in therapy.Discover oncology · 2024Review
- Immune Checkpoints Are New Therapeutic Targets in Regulating Cardio-, and Cerebro-Vascular Diseases and CD4International journal of drug discovery and pharmacology · 2024Article
- Immunomodulatory nanoparticles activate cytotoxic T cells for enhancement of the effect of cancer immunotherapy.Nanoscale · 2024Review
- Pan-cancer analysis of super-enhancer-induced LINC00862 and validation as a SIRT1-promoting factor in cervical cancer and gastric cancer.Translational oncology · 2024Article
- PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy rewires cancer-induced emergency myelopoiesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Emerging treatment approaches for triple-negative breast cancer.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2023Review
- Liver Cell Type-Specific Targeting by Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that serve to enhance effector T-cell anti-tumor responses has strongly improved success rates in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and other tumor types. The currently approved ICI constitute monoclonal antibodies blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1. By this, the T-cell-inhibitory CTLA-4/CD80/86 and PD-1/PD-1L/2L signaling axes are inhibited. This leads to sustained effector T-cell activity and circumvents the immune evasion of tumor cells, which frequently upregulate PD-L1 expression and modulate immune checkpoint molecule expression on leukocytes. As a result, profound clinical responses are observed in 40-60% of metastatic melanoma patients. Despite the pivotal role of T effector cells for triggering anti-tumor immunity, mounting evidence indicates that ICI efficacy may also be attributable to other cell types than T effector cells. In particular, emerging research has shown that ICI also impacts innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells, which may amplify tumoricidal functions beyond triggering T effector cells, and thus improves clinical efficacy. Effects of ICI on non-T cells may additionally explain, in part, the character and extent of adverse effects associated with treatment. Deeper knowledge of these effects is required to further develop ICI treatment in terms of responsiveness of patients to treatment, to overcome resistance to ICI and to alleviate adverse effects. In this review we give an overview into the currently known immunomodulatory effects of ICI treatment in immune cell types other than the T cell compartment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.