ArticleExperimental & molecular medicine2022
Grem1 accelerates nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis and intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting TGF-β-mediated Smad2/3 phosphorylation.
Article in Experimental & molecular medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
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Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Versatile Microgel Platform for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Therapy: Targeting Pericyte-Mediated Fibrosis and Protecting Nucleus Pulposus Cells.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Thrombospondin-4 Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammation in Nucleus Pulposus Cells via the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Pathway.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- WuFu decoction alleviates osteoarthritis by regulating TGF-β1/Smad and ERK1/2 pathways.Histology and histopathology · 2026Article
- Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and spinal canal stenosis: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization and hub gene study across East Asian and European populations.Asian spine journal · 2026Article
- Phenylethanoid Glycosides fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- GREM1 acts in leptin receptor-expressing skeletal cells to mediate peri-implant fibrosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Albiflorin Relieves Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Through Inhibiting Nucleus Pulposus Cell via the p38 MAPK/NF-κB Pathway.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- TEAD4 and RXRA Regulate the Function of Nucleus Pulposus Cells in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Via the TNF-α/NF-κB Pathway: An Integrated Analysis of Single-Cell RNA-Seq, Bulk RNA-Seq, and In Vitro Validation.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- PHB2 mitigates intervertebral disc degeneration by modulating mitophagy to inhibit necroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells.iScience · 2026Article
- SIX2-Mediated Microglial M2 Polarization and Exosomal miR-3470b Delivery Protect Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- FOLR2⁺ macrophages and CAFs: coordinating immunosuppression in gastric cancer.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Plastrum Testudinis Extract Ameliorates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Suppressing NF-κB Mediated Senescence and Inflammation.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Blood and lymphatic vascular remodeling in intervertebral disc degeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Duhuo Jisheng Decoction ameliorates experimental intervertebral disc degeneration by modulating immune-inflammatory responses through regulation of macrophage polarization.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- An Injectable AAm-DMAEMA/Alg-CaInternational journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- USP39 inhibits MLKL phosphorylation and deubiquitination to suppress necroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells and attenuate intervertebral disc degeneration.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Article
- Programmed cell death in degenerative skeletal diseases: molecular crosstalk and combinatorial therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The Gut-Disc Axis: Mendelian Randomization Study Reveals Causal Effects of Gut Microbiota on Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Not Mediated by Systemic Inflammation.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Astragalus Polysaccharide Enhances O-GlcNAcylation Through OGT to Improve Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Rats.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Understanding the Microenvironment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiological Insights and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a main cause of low back pain, and inflammatory factors play key roles in its pathogenesis. Gremlin-1 (Grem1) was reported to induce an inflammatory response in other fields. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of Grem1 in the degenerative process of intervertebral discs. Dysregulated genes were determined by analyzing microarray profiles. The expression of Grem1 in 17 human disc samples (male:female = 9:8) and rat models (n = 5 each group) was measured by western blotting (WB), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The regulatory effects of Grem1 on apoptosis were examined using siRNAs, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence (IF), and WB. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by locally injecting specific Grem1 siRNA into IVDD rats. The expression of Grem1 was significantly increased in human degenerative intervertebral discs; furthermore, the expression of Grem1 positively correlated with the level of intervertebral disc degeneration. Grem1 was significantly overexpressed in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced degenerative NP cells. Apoptosis in degenerative NP cells transfected with siRNA targeting Grem1 was significantly lower than that in the control group. Specific Grem1 siRNA markedly repressed the development of IVDD in surgery-induced IVDD rats. These results indicated that the expression of Grem1 was positively correlated with the severity of intervertebral disc degeneration, and Grem1 siRNA could inhibit Grem1-induced apoptosis and extracellular matrix alterations by mediating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. This study may provide a therapeutic strategy for alleviating inflammation-induced apoptosis associated with intervertebral disc degeneration.
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