ArticleViruses2022
West Nile Virus Neuroinfection in Humans: Peripheral Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Damage.
Article in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blood and CSF levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with encephalopathy/encephalitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Pooled it
- Inflammatory Response Associated with West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Triacylglycerol metabolism is a novel target to combat West Nile virus infection.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Clinical Spectrum and Exploratory Mortality Markers in Hospitalized Patients with Different Clinical Presentations of West Nile Virus Infection: A Multicenter Cohort from Southern Italy.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Pharmaceutical Strategies for West Nile Virus in Europe, an Underrecognized Cause of Severe Disease and Mortality in Older Adults: From Supportive Care to Antiviral Development.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Host-derived immune signatures as biomarkers to differentiate arboviral acute febrile illness from other causes of acute fever.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Utility of blood biomarkers in inpatients with West Nile virus infection: an exploratory study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Serum levels of neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein correlate with disease severity in patients with West Nile virus infection.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Sequelae of viral CNS infections including outcomes, mechanisms, and knowledge gaps.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Comprehensive mapping of the signaling events evoked by SARS-CoV-2 variants delta and omicron in human astrocytes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Changes in metabolite profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid and in human neuronal cells upon tick-borne encephalitis virus infection.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The age-dependent neuroglial interaction with peripheral immune cells in coronavirus-induced neuroinflammation with a special emphasis on COVID-19.Biogerontology · 2025Review
- Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegeneration of Neurotropic Viral Infection.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- An RBM10 and NF-κB interacting host lncRNA promotes JEV replication and neuronal cell death.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Early cellular and molecular signatures correlate with severity of West Nile virus infection.iScience · 2023Article
- Implications of TDP-43 in non-neuronal systems.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Review
- Metabolic response to CNS infection with flaviviruses.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Review
- The Role of Adipokines in the Pathologies of the Central Nervous System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Viral-like TLR3 induction of cytokine networks and α-synuclein are reduced by complement C3 blockade in mouse brain.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Reviewing the Potential Links between Viral Infections and TDP-43 Proteinopathies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Among emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arbovirus), West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that can be associated with severe neuroinvasive infections in humans. In 2018, the European WNV epidemic resulted in over 2000 cases, representing the most important arboviral epidemic in the European continent. Characterization of inflammation and neuronal biomarkers released during WNV infection, especially in the context of neuronal impairments, could provide insight into the development of predictive tools that could be beneficial for patient outcomes. We first analyzed the inflammatory signature in the serum of WNV-infected mice and found increased concentrations of several inflammatory cytokines. We next analyzed serum and cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) samples from a cohort of patients infected by WNV between 2018 and 2019 in Hungary to quantify a large panel of inflammatory cytokines and neurological factors. We found higher levels of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL4, IL6, and IL10) and neuronal factors (e.g., BDNF, GFAP, MIF, TDP-43) in the sera of WNV-infected patients with neuroinvasive disease. Furthermore, the serum inflammatory profile of these patients persisted for several weeks after initial infection, potentially leading to long-term sequelae and having a deleterious effect on brain neurovasculature. This work suggests that early signs of increased serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and neuronal factors could be a signature underlying the development of severe neurological impairments. Biomarkers could play an important role in patient monitoring to improve care and prevent undesirable outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.