Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2022
Gastrointestinal dysfunction during enteral nutrition delivery in intensive care unit (ICU) patients: Risk factors, natural history, and clinical implications. A post-hoc analysis of The Augmented versus Routine approach to Giving Energy Trial (TARGET).
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 17 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Augmented Versus Routine Approach to Giving Energy Trial: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Feeding Intolerance Due to Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Critically Ill Patients: A Single-Center, Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic evaluation of risk prediction models for feeding intolerance in ICU patients during enteral nutrition.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Risk factors for enteral feeding intolerance in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Traditional Chinese medicine treatment in a patient with severe COVID-19: A case report.Medicine · 2026Article
- Development and validation of an interpretable machine learning model for predicting enteral nutrition-associated diarrhea in ICU patients: a multicenter study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Gastrointestinal dysfunction score for mortality prediction in intensive care unit patients with pre-existing digestive system disease: a prospective observational study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Elevated Intra-Abdominal Pressure as a Prognostic Marker of Enteral Nutrition Intolerance and Adverse Outcomes in Neurocritical Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2026Article
- Identification of risk factors for malnutrition in patients with severe pneumonia and development of a predictive model to guide personalized enteral nutrition care.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Enteral Nutrition in Critical Care: Pathogenesis, Complications, and the Therapeutic Promise of Mediterranean-Style Diets.Current gastroenterology reports · 2025Review
- Recognizing malnutrition in adults with critical illness: Guidance statements from the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2025Article
- The association between acute gastrointestinal injury and mortality in elderly patients with gram-positive bacterial bloodstream infection in the intensive care unit: a retrospective 7-year study from a research hospital in China.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Microbiome-gut-brain axis contributes to patients and Bama miniature pigs with acute large ischemic stroke.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Research and exploration of quality control indicators for nutritional therapy in critically ill patients-a multicenter before-and-after controlled study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Using Machine-Learning to Assess the Prognostic Value of Early Enteral Feeding Intolerance in Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Study.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Inter-relationships between gastric emptying and glycaemia: Implications for clinical practice.World journal of diabetes · 2023Review
- Enteral Nutrition Safety and Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 on Continuous Infusion of Neuromuscular Blockers: A Retrospective Study.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSlow gastric emptying occurs frequently during critical illness and is roughly quantified at bedside by large gastric residual volumes (GRVs). A previously published trial (The Augmented versus Routine approach to Giving Energy Trial; TARGET) reported larger GRVs with energy-dense (1.5 kcal/mL) compared with standard (1.0 kcal/mL) enteral nutrition (EN), warranting further exploration.
objectiveTo assess the incidence, risk factors, duration, and timing of large GRVs (≥250 mL) and its relation to clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated adults.
methodsA post-hoc analysis of TARGET data in patients with ≥1 GRV recorded. Data are n (%) or median [IQR].
resultsOf 3876 included patients, 1777 (46%) had ≥1 GRV ≥250 mL, which was more common in males (50 compared with 39%; P < 0.001) and in patients receiving energy-dense compared with standard EN (52 compared with 40%; RR = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.19, 1.36); P < 0.001) in whom it also lasted longer (1 [0-2] compared with 0 [0-1] d; P < 0.001), with no difference in time of onset after EN initiation (day 1 [0-2] compared with 1 [0-2]; P = 0.970). Patients with GRV ≥250 mL were more likely to have the following: vasopressor administration (88 compared with 76%; RR = 1.15 [1.12, 1.19]; P < 0.001), positive blood cultures (16 compared with 8%; RR = 1.92 [1.60, 2.31]; P < 0.001), intravenous antimicrobials (88 compared with 81%; RR = 1.09 [1.06, 1.12]; P < 0.001), and prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay (ICU-free days to day 28; 12.9 [0.0-21.0] compared with 20.0 [3.9-24.0]; P < 0.001), hospital stay (hospital-free days to day 28: 0.0 [0.0-12.0] compared with 7.0 [0.0-17.6] d; P < 0.001), ventilatory support (ventilator-free days to day 28: 16.0 [0.0-23.0] compared with 22.0 [8.0-25.0]; P < 0.001), and a higher 90-d mortality (29 compared with 23%; adjusted: RR = 1.17 [1.05, 1.30]; P = 0.003).
conclusionLarge GRVs were more common in males and those receiving energy-dense formulae, occurred early and were short-lived, and were associated with a number of negative clinical sequelae, including increased mortality, even when adjusted for illness severity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02306746.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.