ArticleJournal of diabetes investigation2022
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion after oral macronutrient ingestion: The human literature revisited and a systematic study in model experiments in mice.
Article in Journal of diabetes investigation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Altered GScience advances · 2026Article
- Macronutrient mixtures and interactions in health and disease.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Sequence of Eating at Japanese-Style Set Meals Improves Postprandial Glycemic Elevation in Healthy People.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Review
- Computer modeling of digestive processes in the alimentary tract and their physiological regulation mechanisms: closing the gap between digestion models andFrontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Effects of nutrient metabolism on pancreatic β-cell mass and function: Recent findings.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2023Article
- RISING STARS: Endocrine regulation of metabolic homeostasis via the intestine and gut microbiome.The Journal of endocrinology · 2023Review
- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in humans: Characteristics and regulation.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2023Review
- Contribution of GIP and GLP-1 to the Insulin Response to Oral Administration of Glucose in Female Mice.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- The Glucose Sensitivity of Insulin Secretion-Lessons from In Vivo and In Vitro Studies in Mice.Biomolecules · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
AIMS/
introductionThe incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is secreted after meal ingestion. This study explored the relative influence of classes of macronutrients on GIP secretion. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe human literature was revisited by identifying articles from PubMed using key words GIP, macronutrients, carbohydrates, fat, protein, healthy subjects. In model experiments in anesthetized mice, glucose (25-125 mg), protein (15-120 mg), fat emulsion (6-100 mg) or saline was given orally with determination of GIP levels.
resultsThe literature survey identified 15 studies in which glucose, protein or fat was administered to healthy subjects. All three classes of macronutrients stimulated GIP secretion with a 30-45 min peak after glucose and protein, and a more prolonged release after fat. Limitations in study designs preclude firm conclusions on the relative potency of the macronutrients. In mice, glucose was more potent to stimulate GIP secretion than fat and protein, with no significant difference between protein and fat. By co-administration of the macronutrients at moderate caloric combinations, a synergistic stimulation of GIP secretion was observed. In contrast, when raising the glucose challenge together with protein and fat, no synergy, but an additive effect, was evident.
conclusionsGlucose, protein and fat all stimulate GIP secretion in humans and mice. In mice, glucose is more potent than fat and protein, and there is also a synergy between the macronutrients on GIP secretion at moderate caloric doses. Further studies are warranted in humans to explore the relative potency of macronutrients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.