ArticleMetabolites2022
The Lipid Energy Model: Reimagining Lipoprotein Function in the Context of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets.
Article in Metabolites, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of carbohydrate-restricted diets and macronutrient replacements on cardiovascular health and body composition in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Single Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Meal Consumption on Postprandial Lipemia and Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Low-carbohydrate diets reduce cardiovascular risk factor levels in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- A lipidomic and metabolomic signature of a very low-carbohydrate high-fat diet and high-intensity interval training: an additional analysis of a randomized controlled clinical trial.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2023Trial
- Increased LDL-C reduction with ezetimibe in ketogenic diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Seven Years of 700 Cholesterol Without Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Lean Mass Hyper-Responder Case Report.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Ketogenic Diets and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults With Normal Weight: An Emerging Clinical Challenge.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Review
- Metabolic Optimisation in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Single-Centre Retrospective Cohort Pilot Study on the Safety and Feasibility of a Digitally Supported Perioperative Diet Modification.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Data From the KETO-CTA Study: Plaque Predicts Plaque, ApoB Does Not.JACC. Advances · 2025Article
- Ketone Body Induction: Insights into Metabolic Disease Management.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Article
- A Case Report on the Metabolic Effects of a Very-Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet in a Patient WithDiabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
- Association of Three Composite Inflammatory and Lipid Metabolism Indicators With Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES 1999-2020.Mediators of inflammation · 2025Article
- Carbohydrate Restriction-Induced Elevations in LDL-Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis: The KETO Trial.JACC. Advances · 2024Article
- The impact of dietary fat type on lipid profiles in lean mass hyper-responder phenotype.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Prolonged remission followed by low insulin requirements in a patient with type 1 diabetes on a very low-carbohydrate diet.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports · 2024Article
- The association between telomere length and blood lipids: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Extreme Hypercholesterolemia Following a Ketogenic Diet: Exaggerated Response to an Increasingly Popular Diet.Cureus · 2023Article
- Severe Dyslipidemia Mimicking Familial Hypercholesterolemia Induced by High-Fat, Low-Carbohydrate Diets: A Critical Review.Nutrients · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
When lean people adopt carbohydrate-restricted diets (CRDs), they may develop a lipid profile consisting of elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) with low triglycerides (TGs). The magnitude of this lipid profile correlates with BMI such that those with lower BMI exhibit larger increases in both LDL-C and HDL-C. The inverse association between BMI and LDL-C and HDL-C change on CRD contributed to the discovery of a subset of individuals-termed Lean Mass Hyper-Responders (LMHR)-who, despite normal pre-diet LDL-C, as compared to non-LMHR (mean levels of 148 and 145 mg/dL, respectively), exhibited a pronounced hyperlipidemic response to a CRD, with mean LDL-C and HDL-C levels increasing to 320 and 99 mg/dL, respectively, in the context of mean TG of 47 mg/dL. In some LMHR, LDL-C levels may be in excess of 500 mg/dL, again, with relatively normal pre-diet LDL-C and absent of genetic findings indicative of familial hypercholesterolemia in those who have been tested. The Lipid Energy Model (LEM) attempts to explain this metabolic phenomenon by positing that, with carbohydrate restriction in lean persons, the increased dependence on fat as a metabolic substrate drives increased hepatic secretion and peripheral uptake of TG contained within very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) by lipoprotein lipase, resulting in marked elevations of LDL-C and HDL-C, and low TG. Herein, we review the core features of the LEM. We review several existing lines of evidence supporting the model and suggest ways to test the model's predictions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.