ReviewViruses2022
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Upper Respiratory Tract and the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2.
Review in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Respiratory mucosal immunity: Biological functions, diseases, prevention and therapy.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- mRNA COVID-19 vaccination induces minimal IgA in saliva in the absence of prior clinical or subclinical infection.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Perspective Overview of Changing Population Immunity to COVID-19 in the Context of Infection, Vaccination, and Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Conservation of HLA Spike Protein Epitopes Supports T Cell Cross-Protection in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Individuals against the Potentially Zoonotic Coronavirus Khosta-2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- A deficient immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx is associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Article
- Overview of immunological & virological factors driving the evolution & global spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants.The Indian journal of medical research · 2023Review
- Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics to Explore the Potential Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Deer Antler.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Infection of primary nasal epithelial cells differentiates among lethal and seasonal human coronaviruses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Blood leukocyte transcriptional modules and differentially expressed genes associated with disease severity and age in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Influencing factors of hospital-acquired COVID-19 prevention and control status among emergency support frontline healthcare workers under closed-loop management: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- COVIDanno, COVID-19 annotation in human.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Infection of primary nasal epithelial cells differentiates among lethal and seasonal human coronaviruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows the nasal epithelium to be the initial site of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that early and effective immune responses in the upper respiratory tract (URT) limit and eliminate the infection in the URT, thereby preventing infection of the lower respiratory tract and the development of severe COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 interferes with innate immunity signaling and evolves mutants that can reduce antibody-mediated immunity in the URT. Recent genetic and immunological advances in understanding innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the URT, and the ability of prior infections as well as currently available injectable and potential intranasal COVID-19 vaccines to generate anamnestic adaptive immunity in the URT, are reviewed. It is suggested that the more detailed investigation of URT immune responses to all types of COVID-19 vaccines, and the development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines for intranasal administration, are important needs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.