ArticlePharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Formulation and Characterization of Metformin-Loaded Ethosomes for Topical Application to Experimentally Induced Skin Cancer in Mice.
Article in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Gels for Wound Healing: A Narrative Review of Formulation Strategies, Mechanisms, and Translational Potential.Nanotechnology, science and applications · 2026Review
- Formulation and Characterization of Oxiconazole-Loaded Novasomes to Enhance the Treatment of Fungus Infections: Experimentally Induced Candidiasis in Rat.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development of Rapidly Dissolving Microneedles Integrated with Valsartan-Loaded Nanoliposomes for Transdermal Drug Delivery: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Drug Repurposing and Nanotechnology for Topical Skin Cancer Treatment: Redirecting toward Targeted and Synergistic Antitumor Effects.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Review
- Fabrication and assessment of ethosomes for effective transdermal delivery of loxoprofen.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2025Article
- Ethosome: An Innovative Perspective of Drug Delivery.Pharmaceutical nanotechnology · 2025Review
- Emerging Nanotechnology Involved in Skin Cancer: Pathogenesis, Biomarkers, Ethosomal Formulation and Future Perspective.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Vesicular Nanocarrier Systems for Elimination of Skin Cancer.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Quercetin Nano-formulations as a Potential Approach for Skin Cancer.Pharmaceutical nanotechnology · 2025Review
- Review
- Characterization Methods for Nanoparticle-Skin Interactions: An Overview.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Nanotechnology as a Promising Method in the Treatment of Skin Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Nitazoxanide mitigates methotrexate hepatotoxicity in rats: role in inhibiting apoptosis and regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Niosomal formulation of mefenamic acid for enhanced cancer targeting; preparation, characterization and biodistribution study using radiolabeling technique.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Exploring Nanocarriers as Treatment Modalities for Skin Cancer.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Gel Formulations for Topical Treatment of Skin Cancer: A Review.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
To achieve the best treatment of skin cancer, drug penetration inside the deepest layers of the skin is an important scientific interest. We designed an ethosome formulation that serves as a carrier for metformin and measured the in vitro skin permeation. We also aimed to measure the antitumor activity of the optimal ethosomal preparation when applied topically to chemically induced skin cancer in mice. We utilized a statistical Box-Behnken experimental design and applied three variables at three levels: lecithin concentration, cholesterol concentration and a mixture of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol concentrations. All formulations were prepared to calculate the entrapment efficiency %, zeta potential, size of the vesicles and drug release % after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. The size of the vesicles for the formulations was between 124 ± 14.2 nm and 560 ± 127 nm, while the entrapment efficiency was between 97.8 ± 0.23% and 99.4 ± 0.24%, and the drug release % after 8 h was between 38 ± 0.82% and 66 ± 0.52%. All formulations were introduced into the Box-Behnken software, which selected three formulations; then, one was assigned as an optimal formula. The in vivo antitumor activity of metformin-loaded ethosomal gel on skin cancer was greater than the antitumor activity of the gel preparation containing free metformin. Lower lecithin, high ethanol and isopropyl alcohol and moderate cholesterol contents improved the permeation rate. Overall, we can conclude that metformin-loaded ethosomes are a promising remedy for treating skin cancers, and more studies are warranted to approve this activity in other animal models of skin cancers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.