SynthesisBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2022
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and gallbladder or biliary disease in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Synthesis in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Do Incretin-Based Therapies Influence the Risk of Cholangiocarcinoma in Type 2 Diabetes Patients? Insights from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Observational and genetic analyses clarify the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and gallstone disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Association of SGLT2 inhibitors use with a lower risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota-Bile Acid Axis in Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Gallbladder Diseases: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.Metabolites · 2026Review
- What can we learn from network meta-analyses published in top medical journals.Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- DPP-4 inhibitors for preventing post-stroke cognitive impairment in diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke: a retrospective cohort study.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Integrated pharmacovigilance assessment of drug-associated cholangitis: signal detection, clinical characterization, and mechanistic insights.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Risk of Acute Pancreatitis and Biliary Events After Initiation of Incretin-Based Medications in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2025Article
- Disproportionality analysis of infection associated with antidiabetic drug use patterns.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Abnormal blood glucose on admission and outcomes in older patients with acute calculous cholecystitis.Biomarkers in medicine · 2025Article
- Global burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases (1990-2021) with healthcare workforce analysis and projections to 2035.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Long-term efficacy and safety of early sitagliptin initiation in individuals with type 2 diabetes: an extension of the SPIKE study.Diabetology international · 2025Article
- Incretin-based drugs and the risk of gallbladder or biliary tract diseases among patients with type 2 diabetes across categories of body mass index: a nationwide cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Association between GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors with biliary disorders: pharmacovigilance analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Association of incretin-based therapies with hepatobiliary disorders among patients with type 2 diabetes: a case series from the FDA adverse event reporting system.Endocrine connections · 2024Article
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and the Risk of Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disease Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Drug safety · 2024Article
- Design, synthesis, inhibitory activity, and molecular simulations study for d-glucose-conjugated thioureas containing pyrimidine ring as multitarget inhibitors against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, DDP-4, and PTP1B in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- The Current Place of DPP4 Inhibitors in the Evolving Landscape of Type 2 Diabetes Management: Is It Time to Bid Adieu?American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2023Article
- Insight into Structure Activity Relationship of DPP-4 Inhibitors for Development of Antidiabetic Agents.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Risk of Pancreatic Cancer and Use of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and gallbladder or biliary diseases.
designSystematic review and pairwise and network meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CENTRAL from inception until 31 July 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of adult patients with type 2 diabetes who received dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors compared with placebo or other antidiabetes drugs.
main outcome measuresComposite of gallbladder or biliary diseases, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and biliary diseases. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently extracted the data and assessed the quality of the studies. The quality of the evidence for each outcome was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework (GRADE) approach. The meta-analysis used pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
resultsA total of 82 randomised controlled trials with 104 833 participants were included in the pairwise meta-analysis. Compared with placebo or non-incretin drugs, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were significantly associated with an increased risk of the composite of gallbladder or biliary diseases (odds ratio 1.22 (95%confidence interval 1.04 to 1.43); risk difference 11 (2 to 21) more events per 10 000 person years) and cholecystitis (odds ratio 1.43 (1.14 to 1.79); risk difference 15 (5 to 27) more events per 10 000 person years) but not with the risk of cholelithiasis and biliary diseases. The associations tended to be observed in patients with a longer duration of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor treatment. In the network meta-analysis of 184 trials, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors increased the risk of the composite of gallbladder or biliary diseases and cholecystitis compared with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors but not compared with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.
conclusionsDipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors increased the risk of cholecystitis in randomised controlled trials, especially with a longer treatment duration, which requires more attention from physicians in clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021271647.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.