ArticleEBioMedicine2022
Evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in seronegative patients with long COVID.
Article in EBioMedicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay for the evaluation of cellular immunity after immunization with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Immunologic research · 2024Pooled it
- Robust antibody and T cell responses tracked longitudinally in patients with long COVID.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- Adenovirus-Specific T Cells in Adults Are Frequent, Cross-Reactive to Common Childhood Adenovirus Infections and Boosted by Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Comparison of different T cell assays for the retrospective determination of SARS-CoV-2 infection.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- Coronavirus disease 2019-related myocardial injury is associated with immune dysregulation in symptomatic patients with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities.Cardiovascular research · 2024Observational
- Cardiovascular disease and covid-19: A systematic review.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2024Review
- Exploring the Pathophysiology of Long COVID: The Central Role of Low-Grade Inflammation and Multisystem Involvement.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Spontaneous, persistent, T cell-dependent IFN-γ release in patients who progress to Long Covid.Science advances · 2024Article
- Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Clinical and serological predictors of post COVID-19 condition-findings from a Canadian prospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Long COVID management: a mini review of current recommendations and underutilized modalities.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Long COVID: what is known and what gaps need to be addressed.British medical bulletin · 2023Review
- Neurological Sequelae of COVID-19: A Biochemical Perspective.ACS omega · 2023Review
- Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation, and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- [S1 guidelines for the management of postviral conditions using the example of post-COVID-19].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2023Article
- Review
- Post-COVID Syndrome in Adults-An Overview.Viruses · 2023Review
- Divergent adaptive immune responses define two types of long COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Clinical usefulness of testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies.European journal of internal medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is currently no consensus on the diagnosis, definition, symptoms, or duration of COVID-19 illness. The diagnostic complexity of Long COVID is compounded in many patients who were or might have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 but not tested during the acute illness and/or are SARS-CoV-2 antibody negative.
methodsGiven the diagnostic conundrum of Long COVID, we set out to investigate SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or Long COVID from a cohort of mostly non-hospitalised patients.
findingsWe discovered that IL-2 release (but not IFN-γ release) from T cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 peptides is both sensitive (75% +/-13%) and specific (88%+/-7%) for previous SARS-CoV-2 infection >6 months after a positive PCR test. We identified that 42-53% of patients with Long COVID, but without detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, nonetheless have detectable SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses.
interpretationOur study reveals evidence (detectable T cell mediated IL-2 release) of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in seronegative patients with Long COVID.
fundingThis work was funded by the Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust (900276 to NS), NIHR award (G112259 to NS) and supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. NJM is supported by the MRC (TSF MR/T032413/1) and NHSBT (WPA15-02). PJL is supported by the Wellcome Trust (PRF 210688/Z/18/Z, 084957/Z/08/Z), a Medical Research Council research grant MR/V011561/1 and the United Kingdom Research and a Innovation COVID Immunology Consortium grant (MR/V028448/1).
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.