SynthesisMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Should We 'Eat a Rainbow'? An Umbrella Review of the Health Effects of Colorful Bioactive Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables.
Synthesis in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health effects of drinking 100% juice: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Should We 'Eat a Rainbow'? An Umbrella Review of the Health Effects of Colorful Bioactive Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Pooled it
- Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health: Emerging Relevance for Blueberries, Grapes, and Red-Fleshed Table Grapes.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Article
- Development and validation of an educational comic book on healthy eating in early childhood.Journal of nutritional science · 2026Article
- Beyond Green: The Therapeutic Potential of Chlorophyll and Its Derivatives in Diabetes Control.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Chlorophyllase (PsCLH1) and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1 (PsLhcb1) and PsLhcb5 maintain petal greenness in Paeonia suffruticosa 'Lv Mu Yin Yu'.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Food Rx: Integrating horticulture research to improve nutrition and health.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Concussion and the Autonomic, Immune, and Endocrine Systems: An Introduction to the Field and a Treatment Framework for Persisting Symptoms.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Potential of fruit seeds: Exploring bioactives and ensuring food safety for sustainable management of food waste.Food chemistry: X · 2024Article
- Cross-sectional associations between fruit and vegetable intake and successful ageing across six countries: findings from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE).Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- The relationship between Fruit and vegetable intake and frailty: Data from NHANES 2007-2018.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Exploring the impact of protein intake on the association between oxidative balance score and lean mass in adults aged 20-59: NHANES 2011-2018.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Caregiver perceptions of a pediatric produce prescription program during the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between empirically derived dietary patterns and frailty among older men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Article
- Mediterranean diet associated with lower frailty risk: A large cohort study of 21,643 women admitted to hospitals.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Article
- Exploring the potential utilization of copigmented barberry anthocyanins in ice cream: Focusing on foaming aspects, and melting attributes.Current research in food science · 2024Article
- Nourishing the brain on deep space missions: nutritional psychiatry in promoting resilience.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2023Article
- Nutrient synergy: definition, evidence, and future directions.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Health promotion campaigns have advocated for individuals to 'eat a rainbow' of fruits and vegetables (FV). However, the literature has only focused on individual color pigments or individual health outcomes. This umbrella review synthesized the evidence on the health effects of a variety of color-associated bioactive pigments found in FV (carotenoids, flavonoids, betalains and chlorophylls), compared to placebo or low intakes. A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and CENTRAL was conducted on 20 October 2021, without date limits. Meta-analyzed outcomes were evaluated for certainty via the GRADE system. Risk of bias was assessed using the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine critical appraisal tools. A total of 86 studies were included, 449 meta-analyzed health outcomes, and data from over 37 million participants were identified. A total of 42% of health outcomes were improved by color-associated pigments (91% GRADE rating very low to low). Unique health effects were identified:
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.