ArticleDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2022
The glucose tolerance test in mice: Sex, drugs and protocol.
Article in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Female Mice Are Not More Variable Than Males: Evidence From Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Normoglycaemic C57BL/6 Mice.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Mechanistic Investigation of Vitexin in Ameliorating Ovarian Fibrosis in PCOS Mice via the NR4A1/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Small-molecule IGF1R inhibitors extend healthspan in a mouse model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Anti-Obesity Effects of a StandardizedMetabolites · 2026Article
- A Murine Model of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Demonstrates Compromised Limb Function in the Ischemic Hind Limb.Kidney360 · 2026Article
- Mice Condition Cephalic Insulin Responses to the Flavor of Different Laboratory Chows.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Influence of Lifestyle on Brain Sensitivity to Circulating Insulin-like Growth Factor 1.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Unraveling the Role of MDK-SDC4 Interaction in Pancreatic Cancer-Associated New-Onset Diabetes by Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Impact of embryo culture and day of embryo transfer on the cardiometabolic health of adult mice†.Biology of reproduction · 2025Article
- Article
- Effect of administration routes on the efficacy of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in type 2 diabetic rats.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Revisited guidelines for metabolic tolerance tests in mice.Lab animal · 2025Review
- Short-term starvation activates AMPK and restores mitochondrial inorganic polyphosphate, but fails to reverse associated neuronal senescence.Aging cell · 2024Article
- Validation of a refined protocol for mouse oral glucose tolerance testing without gavage.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Metabolic characteristics of transmembrane prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H-TM) deficient mice.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2024Article
- Article
- In vivo techniques for assessment of insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.The Journal of endocrinology · 2024Review
- Article
- The relationship between gender and pharmacology.Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimTo establish the impact of sex, dosing route, fasting duration and acute habituation stress on glucose tolerance test (GTT) measurements used in the preclinical evaluation of potential glucose-modulating therapeutics.
methodsAdult male and female C57Bl/6J mice, implanted with HD-XG glucose telemetry devices, were fasted for 16 hours or 6 hours following acute habituation stress due to whole cage change, cage change with retention of used bedding or no cage change prior to intraperitoneal (IP) GTTs. To evaluate protocol refinement and sex on the ability of the GTT to detect drug effects, we administered 250 mg/kg oral metformin or 10 nmol/kg IP exendin-4 using optimized protocols.
resultsFemale mice were less sensitive to human intervention when initiating fasting. Following a 6-hour fast, retention of bedding whilst changing the cage base promotes quicker stabilization of basal blood glucose in both sexes. Prolonged fasting for 16 hours resulted in an exaggerated GTT response but induced pronounced basal hypoglycaemia. Following GTT protocol optimization the effect of exendin-4 and metformin was equivalent in both sexes, with females showing a more modest but more reproducible GTT response.
conclusionsVariations in GTT protocol have profound effects on glucose homeostasis. Protocol refinement and/or the use of females still allows for detection of drug effects, providing evidence that more severe phenotypes are not an essential prerequisite when characterizing/validating new drugs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.