ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2022
Cytokine Profiles Associated With Acute COVID-19 and Long COVID-19 Syndrome.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 151 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 241 citations in OpenAlex.
- Persistent inflammatory cytokine signature in long Covid-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) among patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- Increased interleukin-6 is associated with long COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Pooled it
- Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Assessing the Potential of an Enzymatically Liberated Salmon Oil to Support Immune Health Recovery from Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection via Change in the Expression of Cytokine, Chemokine and Interferon-Related Genes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Trial
- An open trial of biofeedback for long COVID.Journal of psychosomatic research · 2024Trial
- Persistent prostaglandin E2 upregulation and hormonal multi-resistance: A hypothesis for long COVID.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Vascular Immune Crosstalk in COVID-19: RAAS Biomarker Signature Linking Angiotensin II to Respiratory Compromise and Soluble ACE2 to IL-13 and FGF, Revealing Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Significant correlations between blood lipids, cytokines, and C-reactive protein in healthy humans.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- IL-6 Receptor Antagonists and Severe Post-COVID-19 Outcomes: An Emulated Target Trial.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Effects of Cacao Flavonoids in Long COVID-19 Patients with Chronic Fatigue: FLALOC, a Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Main Protease From SARS-CoV-2 Dysregulates Glucose Handling in the C2C12 Cell Line In Vitro: A Mechanistic Study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Association ofDiseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Principal component analysis of cytokine signature in COVID-19 and Long COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Dysregulated NK-cell gene expression defines the enduring symptoms of long COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Assessment of Kidney Function Decline in Long COVID Syndrome.Kidney & blood pressure research · 2026Observational
- Influence of inflammatory and reninangiotensin system gene polymorphisms ACE2 rs2285666, IL1A rs1800587, and TNF rs1800629 on COVID-19 severity and the persistence of symptoms in the post-COVID-19 phase: a cross-sectional study.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Effect of PEI25k/DOTAP/cholesterol liposomal formulation on the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-encoding DNA vaccine.Biotechnologia · 2026Article
- Peripheral blood cytokines during early and post-acute stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with disease severity and long-term symptoms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal trajectories of hematological indices and serum metalloproteinases-2 and 9 over 1 year after moderate and severe COVID-19.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
33 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The duration and severity of COVID-19 are related to age, comorbidities, and cytokine synthesis. This study evaluated the impact of these factors on patients with clinical presentations of COVID-19 in a Brazilian cohort. A total of 317 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were included; cases were distributed according to clinical status as severe (n=91), moderate (n=56) and mild (n=170). Of these patients, 92 had acute COVID-19 at sample collection, 90 had already recovered from COVID-19 without sequelae, and 135 had sequelae (long COVID syndrome). In the acute COVID-19 group, patients with the severe form had higher IL-6 levels (p=0.0260). In the post-COVID-19 group, there was no significant difference in cytokine levels between groups with different clinical conditions. In the acute COVID-19 group, younger patients had higher levels of TNF-α, and patients without comorbidities had higher levels of TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-2 (p<0.05). In contrast, patients over age 60 with comorbidities had higher levels of IL-6. In the post-COVID-19 group, subjects with long COVID-19 had higher levels of IL-17 and IL-2 (p<0.05), and subjects without sequelae had higher levels of IL-10, IL-6 and IL- 4 (p<0.05). Our results suggest that advanced age, comorbidities and elevated serum IL-6 levels are associated with severe COVID-19 and are good markers to differentiate severe from mild cases. Furthermore, high serum levels of IL-17 and IL-2 and low levels of IL-4 and IL-10 appear to constitute a cytokine profile of long COVID-19, and these markers are potential targets for COVID-19 treatment and prevention strategies.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.